School Violence Essay Example for Free

give instruction Violence EssayIntroduction From the many reported and even to a greater extent unreported events, train force out is seen as a subset of youth violence and a broader health fuss. Factors that contribute to direct violence ar socioeconomic status, family, peers, and psychical health. The best way to deal with school violence is to establish physical and social environments that veto violence and promote safety within schools (Brener 81). There ar many different forms of school violence. indoctrinate violence could be seen as intimidate, fighting, weapon use, shootings, stabbings, gang violence, and now growing cyber- boss around. hector tends to be the leading nonplus for school violence. Middle schools have the highest rate of bullying at 43 percent, and 22 percent of high schools have reported ongoing bullying problems in 2005-2006 (Statistics 2). Bullying not only has psychological effects on the victims, but it buns affect the bully as well. Bu llying can include the pas measure mocking, rumors, pushing, threats, exclusion, and existence forced to do something one does not want to do. School violence clears in and out of school. The most reported cases of school violence buy the farm on school property.There were 46 percent of schools reporting 20 or to a greater extent acts of violence on schools grounds. Other forms of school violence occur on the way to or from school and during school-sponsored events. Not only does school violence occur in these areas, but cyber-bullying has also been a big problem in schools lately. Students who are victims of cyber-bullying are more likely to become absent from school or even worse, can lead to several cases of suicide. Bullying Bullying is viewed as a pre-evolution to violence in schools and is common among students in grades six through ten.It is estimated that about ten percent of students are bullied at some prognosticate in their lives, six percent have both been bullied and bullied others and thirteen percent admit to SCHOOL VIOLENCE2 bullying others. Bullying is becoming a hot thing in education because of school violence and suicides. Bullying is defined as an act to humiliate another psyche who is perceived as weaker, or little capable than the bully. The act of humiliation can be anything from physical, verbal or wound up iniquity, as well as inner harassment, which has been categorized under bullying recently (Fried, 1996).The bully is usually a person of dominance over the one being bullied. In girls, dominance is achieved by social status and popularity. In boys, it is achieved by physical qualities such as surface and strength. Types of Abuse Physical abuse and bullying includes anything from punching, stabbing, shooting, strangling, and suffocating to poking, hair pulling, and excessive tickling. physical abuse is more common between boys but on that point are still some girls who bully others using physical abuse. (Winkler, 2005). Violence and aggression among youth has increased a lot in the last twenty years and it begins with physical abuse.This rise in aggression is even more alarming with the higher availability of guns. quite of using fists and hands more students are using guns and other weapons on both their victims and their bullies. Verbal abuse is the most common form of bullying and there are various forms of this abuse. Verbal abuse is used with an intention to harm another and cause pain, and is used to gain power over another person. (Fried, 1996). In addition, verbal abuse also leaves the victims feeling alone and exposed, and usually escalates, leading to physical consequences.Emotional abuse can reduce a childs self-confidence to the point where they consider themselves unworthy of respect, friendship, love and protection. This is the most difficult type of abuse to define and diagnose. It can include rejecting, isolating, terrorizing, and corrupting. SCHOOL VIOLENCE3 Sexual abuse is the m ost complicated, the most difficult to document, and the hardest to address. Sexual interactions involving children with peers or younger children are problematic if the relationship is coercive, exploitive, aggressive or threatens the physical or psychological wellbeing of either participant (Fried, 1996).Sexual abuse needs deuce conditions to take place Sexual activities involving a child and an abusive condition. There are dickens categories of sexual activities noncontact and contact sexual abuse. Noncontact abuse includes exhibitionism, voyeurism, verbal sexual propositions or harassment. It can also include sexual notes or pictures, sexual graffiti, making apocalyptic or sexual gestures, pulling someones clothes off, and spreading sexual rumors (Fried, 1996).The conditions of noncontact sexual abuse is sexual activities that occur when there is mutuality, experimentation with sexual language and words in a non-demeaning way, situations when children have equal power and aut hority, and an absence of coercion or manipulation. Contact sexual abuse is when the other person has a large age or maturational advantage over the child, is in a position of authority, in a caretaking relationship with the child, or the activities are carried out against the child using either force or trickery. What Makes a Bully? Bullies are usually confident and have plenty of self-esteem.They have no difficulty in making friends, and these friends usually share pro-bullying attitudes and problem behaviors. Bullies tend to get in more trouble in school and do mischievously in their pedantics. Often coming from homes where their parents provide little emotional support or involvement, where discipline styles tend to be either extremely permissive or excessively harsh leads to bullying behavior. There is a strong relationship between bullying other students at a younger age and being involved in legal and criminal activities later on in life.About 60 percent of people that were surveyed who were SCHOOL VIOLENCE4 considered bullies in sixth through ninth grade had at least one criminal conviction by age 24 (Rimm, 2005). Victims of bullying tend to have social limiting problems and are more likely to have low self-esteem and feel anxious and insecure. They rarely defend themselves, and male victims are usually physically weaker or smaller than their peers. The most common reason why kids were bullied was that they do not fit in. Children who are bullied may feel anxious, fearful, and have a hard time concentrating on schoolwork.Worrying about being harassed by their peers may also make them afraid to even go to school. Researchers have found that adults who were bullied often as children had higher levels of depression and lower self-esteem than other adults (Rimm, 2005). Those who are both bullied and bully others usually have the most serious behavioral and emotional problems. Social isolation, lack of success in school and behavioral problems combined m ake them a high-risk group. It is most likely that they were bullied first and then imitated the bullying behavior, although it is possible that they bullied first and others later retaliated.They exhibit social-emotional castigatement problems typical of bullies as well as victims which makes it unlikely that they will be resilient enough to adjust to a healthy lifestyle without effective intervention strategies. Middle School Violence Middle school is the period in schooling that comes between main(a) and high school. The notion of middle school comes from G. Stanley Hall in 1904 that emphasized the need for an intermediate school. According to Hall, there was an adolescent age that requires its own midway level of schooling.He defines the childhood period as gradually terminating at the end of the twelfth year, with the transition of adolescence beginning at that point (Coopock, 1974). SCHOOL VIOLENCE5 The priming described above is essential in providing reasoning for the in crease in unwarranted acts as well as the nature of the violent acts. Middle school is where violent behaviors begin to fester. Just like the middle child in a family, they struggle to fit in. They are too old to fit in with the elementary students and they are not quite old enough to fit in with the high school students.They are battling with hormones associated with puberty and as mentioned above, are scratch line to develop physically, mentally, and emotionally, which leads to more aggression, sexual frustration and for some, the inability to cope with new social problems. Common Signs of Violence in Middle School Although there are some forms of violence in elementary school, middle school is where the more violent acts begin, where rampage shootings, sexual harassment and or sexual assault and bullying are the most common.Other forms of shootings, stabbings and fights are common throughout a childs schooling, but as mentioned in the statistics there is a meaningful increase in the amounts and forms of violence that occur in middle schools. The numbers go from 34 percent which includes rare shootings, name calling, tattling, fighting, stabbing and bullying in the elementary level to 76 percent which more than doubled adding rampage shooting, sexual assault and sexual harassment to the list at the middle school level. Sexual harassment and or sexual assault can be perpetrating by students and administrators.For suit, Clevelands Wiley Middle School teacher was sentenced to 153 years for sexually harassing and assaulting twain middle school students. The effects of assault caused by personnel leaves a bigger scar on these children because the culprits are individuals who are supposed to be answerable for protecting the students. Instead, 31 year old Christopher Thomas of Eastlake used his cell phone to call and text inappropriate sayings of a sexual nature with 2 14 year old girls from June 2008 until November 2009.One of the girls he sexually assault ed in her home and his cell SCHOOL VIOLENCE6phone and computer contained nude photos of both girls. During his sentencing, the perpetrator cited that he knew what he was doing was wrong. (website, 2010). Middle High School Violence Rampage Shootings Most other forms of violence have been described throughout this essay demo the different forms and most of the information provided mainly deals with the problems of urban schools. But contrary to belief, suburban schools encounter school violence of all forms and are particularly cognize for rampage shootings. Rampage shootings are different from other forms of school violence.For example, these shootings can take place on school campuses before an audience of fellow students it can involve multiple victims who are often chosen at random and can be carried out by students or former students of the school where they occur. (Hunnicutt, 2006). For example 14 year old, Michael Carneal of West Paducah, Kentucky, always wore black and wa s known by his class mates as a Satanist, he went to school on the aurora of Dec. 1 1997 and pulled out a 22 caliber handgun and started firing into a praying group of students.He left 3 girls dead and 5 others maimed (Hunnicutt, 2006). Littleton, Colorado is home of the most famous rampage shooting recorded in high school history. The perpetrators were two students who attended Columbine High School, Klebold Dylan and Eric Harris. These two young men, dressed in camouflage, entered the building and began shooting at random. They killed 13 people before killing themselves. The Columbine High School shootings gave the world a picture of one type of violence that is within high schools. School Violence Urban Suburban SchoolsAnother factor that may influence the natural event of violence in schools is the number of students that attend a particular high school. There is a large possibility that the relationship of having more students can straightaway lead to a form of competition and problems becoming more SCHOOL VIOLENCE7 intense. Compared to the 200,000 public elementary and secondary schools in 1940, there were only 65,000 schools in 2005. In those 65 years, the numbers of schools decreased while the U. S. population increased by 70 percent (Quindlen, 2001).A study done by Barker and Gump in 1964 on social functioning size and high school size, recognized that on average, students in smaller schools participate in extracurricular activities twice as much as students who are in larger schools. Another study concluded that smaller high schools sizes had more positive results than larger schools in academic performance, absenteeism, dropout rate, extracurricular activities, sense of community, student satisfaction, social behavior, dropout rate, and parental involvement, regardless of rural or urban settings.Now looking at numbers, smaller high schools (enrollment size 400-600) experienced one-eighth the rate of serious crimes (four percent compared to 33 p ercent), one-tenth the rate of physical attacks with weapons (two percent to 20 percent), and one-third the rate of theft or larceny (18 percent to 68 percent) and vandalism (23 percent to 62 percent) of that compared to larger high schools (enrollments above 600) (Devoe et al. , 2002). The rates of schools violence tend to mirror the behavior of the ecumenic population.Community violence in the inner cities is more of a problem than in rural areas, with rampage shootings being the exception. This helps partially prove that community violence has a direct influence on the children. Much research today suggests that violence is a learned behavior, so children acting out in violent or aggressive ways may have learned the violence from adults in their community. Early intervention may be the best way to prevent this type of behavior. Making the environment safe is the most important thing a community can do.Schools have adopted a zero gross profit margin policy against school violenc e which helps prevent violent acts of behavior. Conclusion SCHOOL VIOLENCE8 There are three recommendations from Dessels article that can be worn to inform future practice in education and future research in public school settings. First, increased attention must be stipendiary to the constructs of public school culture and climate. Second, changing school culture and climate specifically involves teacher education. Third, future research must improve and explore the barriers to implementing programs.As Zirkel and Cantor (2004) state, in 1954 people were not asking whether schools would welcome and nurture African American children and adapt the curriculum to be inclusive, but were only start to open the doors. Today, the doors must not only swing wide open, but all children must be welcomed with acceptance, celebration of differences and acknowledgement of the contribution of diversity, for the benefit of everyone (Dessel, 2010). Bibliography Coopock, N. (1974). iddle Schools Sch ool leadership digest. In N. Coppock, Middle Schools School leadership digest (pp.1-42).Arlington National Association of Elementary Principal. Fried, S. Fried, P. (1996). Bullies Victims. New York M. Evans and Company, Inc. Hunnicutt, S. (2006). School Shootings. In S. Hunnicutt, School Shootings (pp. 1-102). San Diego Thomas Gale. Kaiser, D. A. (2005). School Shootings, High School Size, and Neurobiological Considerations. ledger of Neurotherapy, 9(3), 101-115. doi10. 1300/J184v09n03. 07 Logue, J. N. (2008, January). Violent Death in American Schools in the 21st Century Reflections Following the 2006 Amish School Shootings.Journal of School Health. pp. 58-61. doi10. 1111/j. 1746-1561. 2007. 00267. x. Mayer, M. J. , Leone, P. E. (2007). School Violence and Disruption Revisited Equity and Safety in the School House. Focus on Exceptional Children, 40(1), 1-28. Rimm. S. (2005). Growing Up overly Fast The Rimm Report on the Secret World of Americas Middle Schoolers. New York Roda le, Inc. Stein, N. (2007). Bullying, Harassment and Violence Among Students. In , primitive Teacher (pp. 30-35). Radical Teacher. Website. (2010, November 17). 19ActionNews. Retrieved February 22, 2011, fromETeacher convicted of sex acts sentenced to 153-years in prison 19 Action NewsCleveland, OHBreaking News, Weather, Exclusives. mht ETeacher convicted of sex acts sentenced to 153-years in prison 19 Action NewsCleveland, OHBreaking News, Weather, Exclusives. mht. Werle, G. D. (2006). taking Steps to Promote Safer Schools. Journal of School Health, 76(4), 156-158. doi10. 1111/j. 1746-1561. 2006. 00087. x Winkler, K. (2005). Bullying How to Deal with Taunting, Teasing, and Tormenting. Berkley Heights Enslow Publishers, Inc.

The church of England national society Essay Example for Free

The church of England national society EssayIn 1800 there were only a very small come in of women who were literate, this was a large number of women who could neither read, nor write, this was the way that the men of the time wanted it to be. This was because women were non seen to need these skills, they should stay in the home and perform their duties as a mother. By 1900 a large number of women were literate. This change was largely collectible to universal elementary education. The biggest early provider of this education were factories and workhouses, the education went hand-in-hand with these places as many women children were running(a) at them at this time.Also, the poor law began in 1834, unemployed volume could go to work houses where they would be thrown jobs to do. These jobs were often empty tasks such as bone breaking to try and encourage people to get out and get a job. Naturally the conditions at these places were horrible. This was to make sure enough t hat you would not go there by choice and sponge off the state. The poor law also made the work houses legally bound to give half time education to all its child workers. These schools taught the three Rs, reading, writing and arithmetic. The education was poor but it was equal for both genders.Workhouse schools were often a visual modality worse than in the factories, both sexes were taught to read but girls were often taught more domestic jobs such as sewing and cooking rather than donnish subjects that they would not need in the home In 1870 the education act was passed to educate all. The church wanted people to read the bible and so the Church of England matter Society for Education was set out up. The majority of working family unit children went to these schools at few point, the Sunday schools offered similar education to factory schools and religious groups financed them.Some people believe that this was just a social control to convince the working splites to accept their position in life. Although this was one of the only educational opportunities for girls many parents unplowed them at home. Girls and boys were also seated separately. During the 1830s the middle class values began to be incorporated and girls were taught how to cook and clean. Inspectors even suggested that arithmetic might help with shopping bills. hoot schools were also set up. These were run by women for a small fee, the teachers were part-time and mainly female.They were seen as get around then the factory run schools because they had a better atmosphere. The quality of the education varied as many taught gender-specific skills such as needlework to girls only. The 1870 education act had many benefits such as schools built in poorer areas and Local Education Authorities replacing school boards in 1902 paving the way for secondary education. However, there were fears over moral decline and this led to attempts to repay family values, in 1878 domestic science was made co mpulsory in Board Schools.These emphases on domesticity meant that many girls did worse in subjects like arithmetic that were given a lower priority. Girls were not discriminated against in education, but the education of boys was seen as more important. During 1833 the government gave away money to existing schools to help them educate the children. Working class men were given the vote in 1867, this gave hope and a greater prospect to the working classes. Then in 1870 the plan was to, fill in the gaps this was because some people were not being educated. In order to educate them Board schools were set up in areas with low prevision.The need for education was spreading due to the power of the church and social control, if the children are educated at a young age then they will not turn against the government subsequently on in life. Political and economic growths are also reasons for this want of education. By 1880 education was compulsory in Britain for all girls and boys. In 189 0 the monitorial system came into play, this was a pupil to teacher system where children with good prospects as teachers would stay on at the school and become monitors, and eventually they would also become teachers themselves.In 1864 Kay-Shuttleworth set up a scheme where grants were given to best equipped elementary schools to train teachers, however, this system was criticized for lack of intellectual rigor and was ended in 1902. In 1842 the first womens college was founded at Whitelands but used trainee students as domestic helps. For the working classes the amount of change was not substantial, although the education act meant that a lot of women were all at once able to read and write, however it stopped there.The focus at this time was on universal education of all, but this education was gender specific, as the academic education of boys seemed to take priority. This does not mean to say that this did not aid womens emancipation, as the skills acquired would be very usefu l in the suffragette years to come. This is also an precedent of continuity, the change for this group was not large as I mentioned above and there was not a great deal to come for the working classes for sooner some time. Education of the middle and upper classes consisted of most girls being taught at home by parents or a home tutor if you could afford one. gum olibanum this education varied and was usually directed at the domestic side of life such as child upbringing, cooking and cleaning. The aim of home tutoring was earlier to help women find a husband. The argument used against education at this time was that it was cause an upset in social order with women competing for professional jobs. That the kin between the sexes would break down and social values lost. This is view is obviously incorrect but the men at the time were afraid of this new variant of educated women.In the mid 19th Century new schools were established, they were run by trustees on a professional basis t o educate middle class girls, e. g. The North London Collegiate school founded by Frances Mary Buss. However, girls were still expected to behave in a ladylike manner and only the minority attended with 70 % still at the old private schools. These schools were highly exclusive, with high fees and only the daughters of independent gentlemen and professionals were allowed. For this group of women the change was almost the opposite of the working classes.

Food Processing Technology and Methods for Cereal

Food Processing Technology and Methods for CerealMost of the principles of making breakfast food grains are similar to all wares. Trix cereal is made with corn. The change of converting corn into the delicious product many children as comfortably as adults will be discussed in this section. The corn from the field is dried milled, sifted and cleaned to separate the germ from the bran, oils and debris collected from the field and the milling process. The goal of this separation is to get to the endosperm where most of the amylum that will be used for deed is located.Most cereals produced are produced as flakes. Prior to flaking the grits are cooked and mixed with sugar, malt syrup, proteins, and salt into a epic amount of water to cr run downe what is called grooming liquor. This cooking liquor provides the Milliard reaction that occurs during cooking and is what provides most of the flavor to the flakes or in the case of Trix, corn puffs. This garland is loaded into a cylin drical industrial travel ram cooker for about two hours at a 15-18 psig steam pressure (Smith Hui, 2004).In the case of Trix the cooking process is d unmatchable by puffing. Puffing is done either done high temperature ovens, guns or extrusion. The use of any of these three methods is to expose the moist grain to high temperatures where its moisture will be converted to steam. The steam released by the grain expands and puffs the kernel. Prior to placing the grits into any of these three methods, the grains are delumped in lump-breaking machines which incorporate large volumes of air. The air supplied through the machine helps with the cooling of the product.The cooling of the grit in the lump-breaking machine helps with the initial drying step of the process of making ready to eat cereal. Grits usually have a moisture cognitive content of 28-34% (Smith Hui, 2004) are dried to about 14-17% through the use of forced air dryers at a temperature of 250F (Smith Hui, 2004). Once the grains have gone through this initial drying, the grains are findled cooled to 100F to prohibit hardening of the grain and to allow the grain to buy the farm to ambient temperature. (Smith Hui, 2004).Once the grain is dried to the moisture levels desired, the grain is tempered. Tempering of the grits takes about 2-3hours, helps reduce the darkening the product that occurs during Milliard reactions, and allow the grit to retrograde. This process uses temperature of 80o F and increases the firmness of the cooked grit (Smith Hui, 2004). From this point the grit is ready for flaking, shredding, or any of the methods of puffing grits. General Mills utilizes puffing guns to make Trix cereals. The science butt joint the puffing gun utilized by General Mills and some of its competitors, works by introducing the grains to high (500-800 F) temperatures. This high temperature evaporates the moisture within the granules creating a steam pressure build up (100 to 200 psi) inside the c hamber. When this pressure is released the moisture attempting to escape the grain, causes the endosperm to expand and simultaneously puff.Puffing guns have come long ways from when they were first introduced in the cereal business. Today General Mills utilizes a continuous puffing gun systems and extrusion puffing. Continuous puffing guns work the uniform way as it predecessors. The continuous gun contains a rotating cylinder that is set a specific angle. The cylinder is heated either by gas flames or electrically, and it is fed through a rotary valve. The pressure in the cylinder remains constant via the exit, thus continuously discharging the product. The contents explode into a hive away provided with a floor opening leading to a conveyor belt. The product is directed to a rotating heating cylinder to dry, and then cooled. At this point the product is visually inspected for stickiness and color and sent to the encase line.Direct expansion or extrusion puffing is the other me thod used by many cereal manufacturers. This type of technology was received with open arms by the cereal industry because it allows the combination of the steps in the process into one. Cereals ingredients are introduced in one batch into long barrels equipped with single or twin screws. The screws mix, shear, and pressurize the barrel and transport the booty to a forming die. As the mixture flows through the extruder, vitamins, flavors and colors are introduced and then the mixture exits through the die.The same principle of the puffing gun is applied to extruders. As the moisture vapor expands and the excess pressure is released, the volume of the mixture increases. The temperature in the barrel increases the mixture to about 300o-350 o F and the pressure to about 350-500 psi at the die head. As the dough exits through the orifices of the die, it is sliced off in to the different shapes and the slices expand immediately. Despite this quick expansion, the pieces still maintain mo isture content of about 27% and are further dried on vibrating screens in hot air puffing ovens where the final cooking of the product occurs (Smith Hui, 2004). Pieces are inspected and sent to the packaging line. Although extruded and gun puffed mixtures products are enriched and fortified during the cooking process, the puffs receive a final spray of vitamins, sugar and flavors inside rotating spray drums. Both final sprays assist with the reduction of lipide oxidation and moisture which improve the overall choice of the product as it relates to its texture and crispiness.One aspect of producing cereal is its quality. The cereal industry uses multiple methods to appraise the quality of its product during the production process. The biggest issue for a good cereal product is moisture. Moisture is handbilld through near infrared analysis (NIR), skew-whiff chemistry, and image analysis. During the process the product the raw material is analyzed for moisture to suss out it can be flaked, shredded, shaped, maintained for control of oven temperatures, and to control the sugar content applied to the product. This type of testing can also be done to the final product where the fat, sugar, and moisture are analyzed to ensure the operation is on the job(p) at optimum conditions. These test is necessary due to any unacceptable moisture content could lead to poor product quality as well as possible bacteria growth.At present, cereal industries are performing little or no analytical testing, and are relying on the vendors to provide them with highest quality level of product for their market. This can present a problem in production process. Despite the fact that the cereal industry does little or no analytical testing, most of the moisture content testing is performed as the product exits the oven using a 16 hour vacuum oven method or a moisture fit method (Unity Scientific, 2014). According to Unity Scientific, both methods use loss on drying to measure moist ure content. The main problem with the 16 hr oven method is the time it takes to get results, and when these are received they have no impact on real time process control (Unity Scientific, 2014). When it comes to the moisture balance method Unity Scientific says, although the sample can be analyzed in 15 minutes it is 2-3 times less accurate the vacumm oven method. The key to cereals is the control of its moisture and texture. Moisture as mentioned previously, is critical to maintaining a cereals integrity, and it is crucial that the moisture of a cereal product is not greater than 3%. Anything less or greater could reduce its crunchiness as well as make it brittle. Therefore, NIR is one of the best methods of testing for moisture as well as fat content in any step of the process.In regards to its crunchiness the cereal industry uses mechanical as well as sensory evaluation methods to ensure the products texture. Nonetheless, sensory evaluations can be subjective. One of the best w ays to analyze texture is the use of mechanical instruments as these provide a quantitative measure of texture. Currently instruments used by the cereal industry include Stevens, Instron and capital of Canada Texture Analyzer. The purpose of these crunch evaluation methods is to find the bowl life by exposing the product to milk for a small period of time and then performing a shear test. Other equipments used are the multiple crunching probes and the Ottawa Cell shearing test.The final step in the production process is packaging. Different equipment and films are used across the board in the cereal industry. nearly of the machinery used include Ishida multi-head weighers, Bosch vertical form fill seal machines and Triangle bag in box packaging. When it comes to films, they either use wax paper or various polymer films (Smith Hui, 2014). However, before selecting a packaging film, cereal manufacturers consider whether the location the product is going to be sold is humid or arid. Based on these conditions the film is selected and used for production. One of most common packaging materials used in the cereal industry is polyethylene films (Smith Hui, 2014). The packaging film must protect from water vapor transmission and flavor loss. As mentioned previously, moisture plays a big role in the process and any sign of moisture take a crap could lead to potential loss of crispiness and acceptability of the product. Another issue for cereals is the instability of lipids. Lipid oxidation leads to rancidity thus, creating a bad aroma in the product.To prevent lipid oxidation and moisture gain in the product, the cereal industry utilizes different antioxidants. The antioxidants commonly used are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydrooxytoluene (BHT) (Smith Hui, 2004). Although their use is limited in the production process, these can be added before cooking. However, after several trials, it was discovered that due to their non polarity and their vola tility these would not hold during the manufacturing process. Nonetheless, it was discovered it was better to apply these antioxidants to the packaging material as the antioxidants would transfer to product after packaging (Smith Hui, 2014). Packaging does more than protect from decay, it provides the identification, and it provides consumer attraction and appeal to the product.Producing cereals entails more than what is see in the market place store shelves or what is consumed at homes. Essentially behind all of this manufacturing process is the effort to make profit, but no matter what idea the manufacturer may have, protecting the product and providing the best quality of product to consumer becomes primordial. Accurate shelf lives, quality of stored cereal, its freshness are what attract and appeal the consumer.ReferencesHow Products Are Made. Cereal. 2014. Available at http//www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Cereal.html. Accessed September 03, 2014.Smith, J. (2004).Food processing Pr inciples and applications. Ames, Iowa Blackwell Pub.Kulp, K. (2000).Handbook of cereal science and technology(2nd ed., pp. 626- 627). New York Marcel Dekker.Breakfast Cereal. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 18, 2014, from http//www.unityscientific.com/industries/food-dairy/cereal.asp

Approaches To Hr By Multinational Corporations Management Essay

Approaches To Hr By Multi field of study Corporations Management EssayFor damp understanding this is key to cover what a internationalistic company is in first place. In short words multinational company post be defined as a company or an organization that serves or produce in more than one country is known as multinational company. Other names use for such(prenominal) kind of organizations is transnational Corporation (MNC), Transnational Corporation (TNC) or multinational Enterprise (MNE). multinational organization plunder be engaged in manufacturing, services or the exploitation of natural resources in the operating countries. Different writers described different definition of multinational companies. fit in to Moore Lewis (1999, P. 21) decl ard that an enterprise that engages in immaterial direct investment (FDI) and own or controls value adding activities in more than one country is known as multinational enterprise. As Jones (1996, p.4) says An MNE is usually defined as cockeyed that controls operations or income generating assets in more than one country. T here is a long magnetic inclination of multinational firms similar Sony, Nestle, Wal-Mart Stores, General Motors, Ford Motor, ConocoPhillips Microsoft, Nokia, Toyota Motors, Intel, Coco-Cola, Sony, IBM, Nike and Citigroup etceterateraNow the main question is ab stunned the multinational companies of different origin adopt different liftes of HRM practices. To discuss this section this is really master(prenominal) to discuss the HRM practices in first place, to define what HRM is and and so its practices will be discussed throughout this essay step by step, and then practices of HRM in broader context for the MNCs or MNEs.HRM is modern word use in the businesses, which merchantman be defined as a bewilder of personnel oversight that focuses on the individual rather than taking collective hail. (www.dictionary.bnet.com). As Pennington Edwards (2000, P. 4) stated that man kind Resource Management (HRM) is a new way of cerebration about how people should be managed as employees in the rub downplace. It can be classified into two schools of thoughts.i.e. Hard HRM Soft HRM. Both types of HRM are under studies of different authors in detail.Now to concentrate on the question directly a survey is going to be under studies Country of origin effects and HRM in multinational companies which took place in 2007 by P. Edwards et al. In which he discussed 302 UK based multinational companies, which cover twain UK owned and overseas owned companies. This study will twist an important part in the essay to get the conclusion either multinational companies of different nationalities build different HRM approaches and practices or non.2- Challenges in multinationalsAccording to Brett, Jeanne Kristin, 2006, international businesss nature is going under a sea change. The globalisation, multi-nationalisation, and the geographical diversification is pushing com panies towards change in their centering structure and style. Multinationals now need to get word regional market conditions and develop strategies to cater to each of the regional markets.2.1- Culture shockCulture shock is the big challenge for multinationals, the difference takes the different thinking ways and working ways, and it needs time to adjust it. In most cases the expatriate manager prefer to emphasize and require the home office or home country values on the host countrys employees instead of accepting and learning within the new acculturation. (Adler, 2002)2.2- Lack of cross cultural readingIn fact, most multinationals ignore this training program during the moduleing management. However, the better understanding about culture block can help managers to improve the effectiveness of moduleing management. For use, The managers at chime Canada were totally asked be training about Muslim laws of drinking and the treating of women there before he or she assigned a project for Saudi Arabia such manage constructing the telephone dodge in there. (Adler, 2002)2.3- Family problemsFamily problem for PNC manager is another challenge. The overseas employees always think of their family. Sometime, such emotion will effect the concentrations in their work. These difficulties are usually underestimated. What the organization should do is to assist expatriates family to adapt their new environment. (Dolan, 1996)3- HRM Functions in MNCsTeam members of multinational companies come from different countries with the different culture, scotch, religions and habits. All of these differences remove the different thinking and working methods, thus, how to manage the multicultural team is a big challenge for the HRM in the multinationals. In the article Managing multicultural team, the author states that converse in Western cultures is typically direct and explicit. In many other cultures, meaning is embedded in the way the message is presented. The differen ces can cause earnest damage to team relativeships (Jeanne Breeet , Kristin Behfar, and Mary C. Kern, 2007) .3.1 Retaining subsidiary staffs retentionIt can be argued that the retention of staffing in the multinationals subsidiary conducts huge influence. The transfers between the PCNs, HCNs and the TCNs are the big issues in the staffing management strategy. Scolders put that the HCNs and TCNs who are sent to the corporate headquarters (HQ) called inpatriates. As this article mentioned before, the ethnocentric approach, the polycentric approach, the regioncentric approach, and the geocentric approach are the four major nationality staffing policies in the international staffing, by analyzing the complex and the new situation appear in the relationships between the HQ and subsidiary, B. Sebastian Reiche (2007) explores the international stiffing-related retention strategies . Firstly, he claims that a pluralistic and consensus-driven approach to international staffing enhances the retention capacity of international staffing practices through increased responsiveness to and involvement of the respective local anaesthetic unit. He states that the knowledge and skill from the local staff can help multinationals to reduce the risk and culture-bound in the local market. He also believes that this approach can improve the loyalty of local staffs, and the local staff can achieve individual career plan to cohere the institutional development plan. At the same time, he states that the PCNs still act as the rattling role for informal controlling and coordination in the multinational companies. Secondly, he indicates that expatriation of local staff can help to retain the MNCss retention. In this approach, he states that the inpatriates can share their social and contextual knowledge of the subsidiary environment with managers at the HQ. And also inpatriates tend to be accepted by HCNs more willingly than foreign personnel.HRM is all concern about the employees at t he work place, however the demands from HRM gone up as the education rate grown up. As Pennington and Edwards (2004, P.4) stated that As a level of education become higher, a greater proportion of the population world wide expect more than fair treatment, they seek a range of intrinsic rewards such as job satisfaction, a degree of challenge, a sense of career progression and satisfying relation with co workers.3.2 weft Recruiting-The main function of HRM is selecting and recruiting, no matter the firm is domestic or multinational. Staffing issue for domestic managers and MNCs managers are not very different for recruiting for the middle management or ground floor workers, but for selecting and recruiting of top management then the choices come like parent country national (PCNs), Host country national (HCNs) or third country national (TCNs). According to Parlmutter (1989) divided into three main categories.Ethnocentric where top management favours PCNs managers, who are post ed abroad for a period of time. Polycentric where top management give choice to subsidies to fulfil management posts themselves, and Geocentric when top management recruits managers globally and post them anywhere in the world. For example Nipponese style of HRM dont rely on interviews and job advertisements, they select the people from the universities and the most top MNCs can afford the students from the most prestigious university. According to Keeley (2001, P.62) stated that unlike the most Western companies detailed job description rarely exist. The company seeks to de stipulationine if the prospective employee has the type of personality that fits in well with the nimbus at the company.While US MNCs rely on interview must attribute of HRM practices in their subsidies.In China, they had no selection carry outes per se when they first scoop uped. Senior managers were appointed by community government-officials. Most of the new hires were based on employee referrals. Select ion criteria were based on nepotism and contacts. Hiring decisions are influenced by the following in china1. A persons ability to perform the technical requirements of the job 2. A personal interview3. A persons ability to get along well with others already working here4. Having the right connections (e.g. school, family, friends, region, government, etc.)5. The companys belief that the person will stay with the company6. An employment test in which the Person needs to demonstrate their Skills7. Proven work visualize in a similar job8. A persons voltage to do a good job, even if the person is not that good when they first start9. How well the person will fit in the companys values and ways of doing things10. Future co-workers opinions about whether the person should be hired(Huczynski, Andrzej / Buchanan, David, 2001)A most important attribute in Japanese style of HRM is called Shushinkoyo which means life or long term employment. This is considered the success key of Japanese HR M as stated by Keeley (2001, P.65) Neverthe little, a number of scholars both Japanese and non Japanese have praised Shushinkoyo and have attributed the success of Japanese enterprises to its practice. Here this shows that multinational companies from Japan rehearse different approach for selection the new recruits while US MNCs rely on a different phenomena of selection and recruitment.3.3 exercise Appraisal-This is the HR attribute which has significant help from both academics and practitioners, the judgement system in US MNCs use to reduce the labour force as stated in Edwards (2007, P. 40) that well-nigh US companies, GE for instance, have become known for using the appraisal system to remove the lower- performing employees from the men on a regular basis and /or to identify those in need of remedial action for their military operation level. But in Japanese MNCs the companies gives the life time or long term employment as mentioned by Keeley (2001) that it is one of t he best attribute of Japanese HRM in small Japanese enterprises or Japanese MNCs. Differences can b seen in the Edwards (2007) survey of Japanese and US multinational companies based in UK, where he stated that US companies are more apparent to emphasise the importance of behaviour in relation to corporate values, while Japanese firms give lower importance rating to quantitative or qualitative individual evolution criteria, and criteria based on corporate values.In large organizations the performance review on periodic basis, this is second project of organizations HR departments, after hiring an employee and on the basis of performance employee get bonuses, promotions and rewards. Performance appraisals give opportunity to the workers (individual/group) to get prepare for the future goals of firm.3.4 Pay, Compensations, Rewards Benefits-Compensations like hourly allowance and annual salaries while benefits are like life insurance, pensions and sick pays etc. According to Cherri ngton (1995) stated that compensation should be legal and ethical, adequate, motivate and fair, and should be able to give employment security to the worker. Pay compensation and rewards are not really different from each other, but in simple words rewards is the term use to motivate and to get the future goals by means of workforce for an organization, the reward system plays an important role, by reward (individual/group) the workers get appreciation and get themselves more committed to the firm. These are the nearly of the main features and functions of any (domestic/MNCs) firm HR department.In Japanese style of HRM they use a Japanese term Nenko Joretsu which means seniority system, where in Japanese HR management the wages goes up with the age and experience, as stated in Keeley (2001, P. 76) said that though nenko is most often translated as seniority. While US and Europe MNCs apply the performance related pay system. This is the most important phenomena of MNCs HR system whe n they go to borderless business. According to Edwards (2007, P. 46) stated in his survey that Nationality has some effects. For example, American firms are likely to give organisational performance a higher importance rating for the KEY GROUP than others firms. UK firms are more likely emphasis individual output measures for LARGEST occupational GROUP. It shows the difference in attribute of HR practices and approaches in multinational firms.3.5 Training Development-This is one of the important as well as crucial task for HR department for a firm operating globally, in this area of HRM multinational companies of different origin follow different approaches, for example according to tung-oil tree (1981) stated that by comparing US, European and Japanese corporations, Americans firms it seems tend to underestimate the importance of training, whereas most European and Japanese organizations see this as a exceedingly important area of attention. The objectives and goals of training and development are to make sure the skilled and willing workers are available in the organization. Training and development are important to create a smarter working environment.In China, medium and large companies have formal training programmer and many have established supernumerary facilities for teaming purposes. Because of the lower educational level in the rural areas, the quality of the rural labour force is significantly in urban areas. Experienced, well-qualified staffs are in short supply. To disadvantage of hiring Key personnel from a shallow pool of talent, they invest heavily in training. Training is an important investment in military man capital. Training improves an individuals performance and increase organizational effectiveness. (Ahlstrom Garry, 2001)Japanese MNCs pay less attention to training and development attribute of HRM, the reason might be the less mobility of workers in the Japanese firms, as they use the term Shushinkoyo. According to Keeley (2001, P. 88) stated that A study of the Japan Productivity Centre found differences in the attitudes towards training in Japanese and American firms. Where Keeley stated that from the study and respond of both countries towards training issue were irresponsible but American firms were strong and more positive then the Japanese firms and he also stated that Japanese firms arrange training on request basis. A strategy which makes a firm prospering is not easy to implement when they go beyond the borders, because of the barriers which might be language, religion, culture and legislations etc. As Keeley (2007, P.89) stated that HR practices which makes a firm thriving in domestic environment are difficult to implement in their overseas subsidiaries.4- HRM Approach in Multinational FirmsNow in this essay some of the multinational firms characteristics will be studied to see do they get affected by the country where they belong to in their HR practices and approaches or not? There are many M NCs, the country which has most MNCs is USA, and after that are Europe, Japan and Germany.There are many writers who discussed the issue of ownership and HRM in MNCs like Evan, Lank and Farquhar (1977), Barlett Goshal (1989), Rozenzweig Nohria (1994) and Innes Morris (1995) etc, which prove that the issue of ownership has been in discussion from ages, as according to Economist (1995) said that the issue of ownership is central to the number of important policy related and academic debate in the area of HRM and IR, One line of argument is that, with increasing globalization MNCs are becoming stateless players, dislocated from individual nation states.MNCs of different origin work in the host country by applying its local mechanism of HR practices and approaches, because it is not possible to work and apply 100% approaches of the parent country, as according to Rozenzweig Nohria (1994) said that a rank and file IR issues are more likely to exhibit local isomorphism . There ar e many arguments about the affection of country of origin on MNCs HR practices, the reasons are many for MNCs to adopt different approaches of HRM, as Ferner (1997) described that in short, it is imperative to take into account the dynamic of nationality as a factor affecting the behaviour of MNCs. The modernization of political institutions, the rapid railway yard of technology, the internationalization of product itself and changing pattern of international market and competition, all are likely to modify to pre existing national structure although not needfully in the direction of convergence of different national systems on a single model.Now the essay will point out some differences in Chinese and American homophile Resource Managements. China is one of the fastest growing economy of the world, according to Zhu (2005, P.2) explained that the past two and half decades of reforms and impressive economic growth have witnessed an unprecedented enthusiasm for the establishment o f foreign invested enterprises (FIEs). Many foreign companies have expended their operations into china, attracted mainly by the sheer size of its potential market. There are many multinational firms in China like Aluminium Corp (ACH), China Petroleum Chemical Corp (SNP) and China Unicom (CHU) etc.The main practice of HRM is selection and recruitment as mentioned above, and the difference between the affect of selection of Chinese and USA approach is, in USA model of HRM job interview is essential for filling a major position, while in Chinese HRM mostly jobs are allocated by government and interview process is not common. In reward system the USA model of HRM offers a variety of incentives system, while Chinese HRM system is different from USA, in Chinese system salary ranges are narrow, group reward system is common, but the pay system is more motivate than American pay system. In performance appraisal USA model of HRM believes in two way communication, while in Chinese model s upervisor have absolute power and authority to guess subordinates, in USA participative management is welcome and encourage, but in Chinese HRM collective leadership is common, and in major decision do, the involvement of workers is symbolic.The difference can be seen in different origin or nationality MNCs that the US MNCs are significantly more like to collect information on employee attitude bring together HR managers from different countries and use HR international shared services, Japanese organizations are less likely to collect data centrally, while cut origin MNCs acting more likely in US style of HRM practices, and German origin MNCs firms follow Japanese style of HRM practices. (Jackson, 2002)The best example is British American Tobacco (BAT), which is operating in a number of countries in the world, i.e. Pakistan, South Africa, UK, Japan, Saudi Arabia and many more. As this is an American based firm, and American have an interview must attribute in their HR practices, they apply the same approach for selecting and recruiting in the host country Pakistan, and the adopt some practices of Pakistan HRM practices (host country) like periodical payment of salaries instead of weekly wages, so its means BAT reflected their parent country HRM practices in some ways and in subsidies like UK, BAT apply the same HR practices and approaches as the parent country have, because the culture difference is not very distinct from each other i.e. UK and USA. (www.bat.com) (self experience as a worker of BAT in Pak)5- ConclusionThis essay was carried out to see, do multinational organizations of different origin have different approaches to international kind resource management? There were some evidences that showed the answer as Yes they get affected by its country of origin in on or other way, but it is also proved that the most of MNCs adopt the best fit policy when MNCs start operating in a host country, because of the obstacles in the host country, i.e. language, religion, norms and values, culture and legislations.Writers in HRM field have different opinion about the behaving of MNCs, so the best option for MNCs is to apply the best fit approaches of the HRM practices, means combination of both (Parent Host countries) HRM practices. The issue of ownership country of MNC has been in discussion for ages, but still there is not a 100% accurate answer came out as according to Ferner (1997) said that but existing research has failed to systematically explore differences.All these discussion and researchers efforts bring the conclusion that in some HR attributes in MNCs they follow the a universal approach while in some they follow the different approaches in HR practices, according to the survey by Edwards (2007) stated that throughout the report, we have noted the persistent influence of nationality. There are clear national differences in all four area of HR/ER Pay performance, Learning development, employee involvement and emplo yee representation. But the bottom line can be that yes Multinational firms of different origin can be complete by the parent country HR practices when the run business in other part of the world instead of the home country.There are some obstacles for multinational companies which can stop them to apply the 100% parent country HR practices in their subsidies like legislation of the host country, rules and regulation and more, there is term used in Edwards (2007, P.29) survey of Multinational companies in UK called discretion or local autonomy. Which shows multinational companies of different origin give the power of decision making and freedom to their subsidies? In that survey the high discretion power firms are Japanese, which means Japanese multinational companies give more freedom to their subsidies comparatively to American, french and other Multinational firms of different origin. But another thing can be the law enforcement of subsidies (host Country), the example can be Germany where the rules and regulation are set so the difference in practices of HR of a multinational firm would not be as bigger as in Pakistan, because of the law enforcement, like differences would be less in Europe but it would be greater in Asia.Reference and Bibliography1- Acuff, F. (1984) supranational and Domestic Human Resource Functions Innovations in world(prenominal) Compensation. New York Organization Resources Counsellors, pp. 3-5.2- Bartlett, C., Goshal, S. (1989) Managing across Borders The Transnational Solution, Boston, Harvard Business School Press.3- Briscoe, R.D. Schuler, R.S (2004) International Human Resource Management 2nd Ed, New York, Prentice Hall.4- Cherrington, D, J. (1995) the management of benignant resources Enkweed Cliff, NJ Printice Hall.5- Edwards, P. at al. (2007) employment practices of multinational companies in organisational context Available at http//www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/projects/mncemployment/conference_papers/full_report _july.pdf6- Ferner, A (1997) Country of origin effects and HRM in Multinational companies, Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 7, no.1, 19 287- Ferner, A. (2000) The embeddedness of US multinational companies in the US business system implementation of HR/IR.8- Harzing, W. A. Ruysseveldt, V.J. (1995) International Human Resource Management London, SAGE Publications Ltd.9- Harzing, W. A. Ruysseveldt, V.J. (2004) International Human Resource Management 2nd ed. London SAGE Publications Ltd.10- Jemison, D, B. Sitkin, S, B (1986) Corporate acquisition A process perspective. Academy of Management Review, 11, 145 16311- Jackson, T. (2002) International HRM A cross cultural approach, London SAGE publications Ltd.12- Jones, G. (1996) The Evolution of International Business An Introduction London, Routledge.13- Keeley, T.D. (2001) International Human Resource Management in Japanese firms. Hampshire PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.14- KPMG (Ed) (1999) unlocking shareholder value The keys to su ccess. London15- Maund, L. (2001) An Introduction to Human Resource Management theory and practice Basingstoke, Palgrave.16- Moore, K. Lewis, D. (1999) Birth of Multinational Denmark, AKA Print.17- Ozbilgin, M. (2005) International Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. Hampshire PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.18- Parlmutter, H.V (1969) the tortuous evolution of the multinational corporation, Columbia Journal of World Business, 4 (1), pp. 9 1819- Pennington, A. Edwards, T (2000) Introduction to Human Resource Management New York, Oxford University Press Inc.20- Pucik, V. (1984) the international management of Human Resources, in Fombrum, C.J. Tichy, N.M. and Devana, M.A. (eds.) Strategic HRM. New York Wiley, pp. 403 419.21- Rozenzweig, P Nohria, N. (1994) Influence of human resource management practices in multinational corporation Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.25, no.2, 229 25122- Stopford, J. M. Turner, L. (1985) Britain And The Multinationals Chichester, JOHN WILEY SONS.23- Tayab, H.M. (2005) International Human Resource Management A Multinational Company Perspective New York, Oxford University Press Inc.24- The, economist. (1995). A survey of multinationals. 24th June25- Tung, R.L. (1981) Selecting and training of personnel for overseas assignments, Columbia Journal of World Business, 16 (1), pp.68 78.26- www.bat.com online recover date 01st Aug 2009Available at http//www.bat.com/group/sites/UK_3MNFEN.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO6Z2KVH?opendocumentSKN=127- Zhu, C.J. (2005) Human Resource management in China Past, current and future HR practices in the industrial sector New York, Routledge Curzon.28- http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research29- http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffing30- International dimensions of human resource management, Peter J. Dowing Randall s. Schuler, page 431- Managing the global work force Challenges and strategies, Academy of Management Executive, Roberts,K.Kossek,E.E., and Ozeki,C(1998) 12(4) 6-1632- Adler, N.J.(2002) International dimensions of organizational behavior, 4th edn33- Shimon L. Dolan. International HRM Ecole de relations industrielles, Case postale 6128 Montreal, 199634- Brett, Jeanne Behfar, Kristin Kern, Mary C.. Harvard Business Review, Nov2006, Vol. 84 Issue 11, p88 (AN 22671287)35- Edstrom, A., Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Transfer of managers as a coordination and control strategy in multinational organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22 248-263.36- David G. Collings, Hugh Scullion and Michael J. Morley, Journal of World Business 42.2 (June 2007) p200.37- Tahvanainen, M., Welch, D., Worm, V. (2005), Implications of short-term international assignments. European Management Journal, 23 p663-673.38- David G. Collings, Hugh Scullion and Michael J. Morley, Journal of World Business 42.2 (June 2007) p210.39- Sebastian Reiche, International Journal of Human Resource Management , 8.4 (April 2007) p529.B. Sebastian Reiche, International Journal of Human Resource Man agement , 8.4 (April 2007) p529.B. Sebastian Reiche, International Journal of Human Resource Management , 8.4 (April 2007) p530.40-http//www.colmr.research.va.gov/mgmt_research_in_va/methodological analysis/qualitative_research.cfm41- Ahlstrom, David / Bruton, Garry / Chan, Eunice S. HRM of foreign firms in China The Challenge of Managing Host Country Personnel, Business Horizons 44(3), 2001, p, 59 68.42- Blake, John / Amat Salas, Oriol / Wraith, Philip Joint ventures in China a Spanish case, European Business Review 97(4), 1997, p. 155 161.43- Foster, Dean The Global Etiquette Guide China, http//workabroad.monster.com/articles/chinaetiquitte/, 2001.44- Huczynski, Andrzej / Buchanan, David Organizational Behaviour An Introductory Text, 4th edition, London Prentice Hall, 2001.45- Brett, Jeanne Behfar, Kristin Kern, Mary C.. Harvard Business Review, Nov2006, Vol. 84 Issue 11, p87 (AN 22671287)46- Adler,N.J.(2002) International dimensions of Organizational behavior, 4th edn

Sociological Perspective: Westboro Baptist Church

Sociological Perspective Westboro Baptist churchKyle MahoneyA counterculture is a subculture that rejects the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society, replacing them with a new differentiate of cultural patterns (Thomas) the Westboro Baptist Church is an example of a counterculture due to its rejection of societal norms such as respect for the dead and acceptance of new(prenominal)s, curiously LGBT people, Jewish people, former(a) Christian people, and African-Americans and black people in general. Their messages of extreme hatred for minorities, Jewish people, and those who do not shargon the same beliefs as them as well as their super aggressive use of media attention to further their hateful agenda, show that they are rebelling against norms, major values, and practices of the larger society, namely respect for others and an inclusive, caring attitude towards minorities. By utilize media attention and publicity, they are actively and aggressively trying to s pread their hateful message and make others feel the same way they do nigh minorities, other moralitys, and the LGBT community. In the BBC documentary The Most Hated Family in America, one of the leaders of the collection said that the Westboro Baptist Church was not in the process of attempting to convert sinners or grow their church building, and that their real purpose was to provoke people and spread the hatred of beau ideal, to make people sympathize with the hatred that the Westboro Baptist Church shows. This leader then increase to talk about how the churchs goal is to plant the seeds of Gods hatred in the hearts and minds of others (OConnor).Pastor Fred Phelps, later dropping out of West Point and graduating with a ministerial degree from Jones College, began serving as Westboro Baptist Churchs pastor in 1955, and he and his family are the leaders of the church and its actions (Westboro Baptist Church). In 1967 the Westboro Baptist Church became not-for-profit. The gro up became fairly active in picketing, releasing statements regarding homosexuality and other things they viewed as sins, and anti-semitism in the 1990s onward. The majority of the Churchs membership is constituted of its founder Fred Phelps family. The first time the church unfeignedly gained media attention was in 1998, when Westboro picketed the funeral of a gay murder victim named Matthew Shephard. The group had signs saying God hates fags, among other extremely derogatory statements (Anti-Defamation League). The group also act to build a granite monument to Shephard, with his name and an anti-gay bible verse on it their request to build this monument in a public park was denied (Southern scantiness honor Center). The group truly came into the public spotlight in 2005, when they began to actively picket and protest deceased soldiers funerals, toting signs saying thank God for dead soldiers and Thank God for IEDs, which brought them national attention from the media (Anti-Def amation League). In March 2006, the Westboro Baptist Church picketed the funeral of Matthew Snyder, who had served in Iraq. Albert Snyder, Matthews father, sued the Westboro Baptist Church for defamation, invasion of privacy, and emotional distress. The case nonethelesstually came before the Supreme act of the United States in 2010 (Southern Poverty Law Center). The Supreme Court of the United States held that the Westboro Baptist Church was within their First Amendment rights while protesting and picketing funerals, and that their hateful speech was protected by their First Amendment rights as well (Snyder v. Phelps ET AL. ). Westboro Baptist Church remains active to this day, and according to their website they have conducted 59,091 pickets as of this writing (Westboro Baptist Church). The group has also been banned from certain countries after threatening to picket funerals, namely the United Kingdom and Canada (Southern Poverty Law Center). The group is significant in the eve nt that they receive large amounts of media attention and that they are cognise for protecting their right to free speech in court, and the group actively challenges laws protecting the United States flag from desecration (Anti-Defamation League). Their ideology is an extremist Christian view that manifests itself as hatred towards basically all groups save the Westboro Baptist Church focusing on minority groups and military.The sociological perspective is defined as macrocosm able to look beyond commonly held beliefs to see the bigger picture and the true meanings behind human actions (Thomas 4-5). A major driver of the Westboro Baptist Church is the fact that almost all of its key members are related, and that the children raised in the church are essentially brainwashed into thinking that they are right and all other groups or opinions are wrong. The group seems to simply spew hatred, but they truly trust that by spreading hateful ideas they are spreading the word of God to ev eryone (TED). The sociological imagination is defined as being able to see the connection between the larger world and ones personal life (Thomas 4-5 ). This group has touch the world by spreading hateful ideas, and act as a force that the greater culture rallies against, due to the Westboro Baptist Churchs disregard of mores like respecting the dead, the United States flag, and soldiers. Legally, this group is significant for proving on the Supreme Court level that their picketing is legal and protected by the first Amendment (Snyder v. Phelps ET AL. ), along with their challenging of laws that protect the flag from desecration, and the group raises questions about the limits of first Amendment rights.Ethnocentrism is defined as viewing ones own culture or group as superior to another culture or group (Thomas 35), and by viewing American culture as superior it is easy to see why the Westboro Baptist Church is seen as a counterculture. The American people value diversity, it is a great deal stressed in our society that it is good to be different or that everyone is unique the Westboro Baptist Church rebels against this value in diversity, stating that other groups are inherently lowly as designed by God, and that these inferior groups deserve to die and burn in hell (Westboro Baptist Church). American culture also values the flag, which Westboro Baptist Church is known for desecrating and overturning laws protecting the flag. Most of all American culture values veterans, active duty soldiers, and the deceased, which Westboro Baptist Church actively pickets with signs reading Thank God for IEDs among other travesties (Westboro Baptist Church), covering that they are rebelling against major mores that are valued by American culture. The groupss supremacist attitude, along with their hatred of homosexuals, the Jewish, and blacks, define them as a counterculture which rebels against the mores regarding diversity and freedom for all. Their hatred for soldiers and even the practice of funerals only serves to further prove they are a counterculture by picketing funerals of soldiers the group is rebelling against major values and mores of society (Anti-Defamation League).Cultural relativism is defined as discernment a culture by their own hold waterards rather than imposing another cultures standards on a culture (Thomas 36). By applying cultural relativism to the Westboro Baptist Church, it is easy to see that the groupss member debate they are justified, and that what they are doing may be hateful, but it is hateful because God wants the group to spread hate. The group views itself as the only real religion that God give recognize, and views all other groups, even fellow Christians, as sinners destined for hell. The group feels that it is justified in its hatred of homosexuality because homosexuality is seen as a sin in the bible (Westboro Baptist Church). The group pickets funerals because they believe that funerals are where people will be most receptive to their ideas, and the group pickets soldiers funerals more a lot because they believe that the military is sinful and that the military is protecting the rights of homosexuals (Westboro Baptist Church). The group is so invested in what they believe to be Gods divine mission for them that they do not mission if they receive hate in return, and they believe that they are justified in disregarding major values, practices, and norms of society.Personally, as someone who was raised with a Protestant church background, as well as someone possessing black, Jewish, veteran, Catholic, and homosexual family members, I abhor and reject the practices of the Westboro Church I see their actions as extremely disrespectful and liberal of anything that God would support, as the bible speaks more about inclusivity and loving sinners than spreading hatred. Although by taking a culturally relative view of the groups actions, I believe they are too extreme in showing that hom osexuality is a sin, and as someone who no longer identifies as Christian I believe that people should be allowed to love who they want regardless of gender. I am not by any means a theologian or an glowing Christian, but I still believe that the Westboro Baptist Churchs extremist views, although protected by the first Amendment, are to be abhorred. I also strongly believe that the dead, especially those who died in active duty, should be held to the highest levels of respect and honor, and I believe that the greater American culture is in concurrence with me in this belief. Westboro Baptist Church is important to the world because it has a global impact and brings issues regarding free speech and how far extension of free speech goes, and I hope that in the future the Westboro Baptist Church will never come to represent the majority opinion of Americans, because their hatred of others is disgusting. I believe that taking a certain degree of ethnocentrism is necessary when dealing with the Westboro Baptist Church because their ideals are so hateful that they can bring out hatred in others, and ethnocentrism acts as a barrier to stop their hatred from spreading. To conclude, Westboro Baptist Churchs extremist Christian views are so opposite to the major mores of American society that it makes them a counterculture, and the Westboro Baptist Church is an extremely hateful group that hopefully will not stand the test of time.ReferencesThe Most Hated Family in America. Dir. Geoffrey OConnor. Perf. Louis Theroux. 2007. Documentary.Anti-Defamation League. Westboro Baptist Church. n.d. Archived Website. 10 March 2017.Snyder v. Phelps ET AL. . No. 09-751. Supreme Court of the United States. 6 October 2010. Court Case.Southern Poverty Law Center. SPL Center. n.d. Website. 7 March 2017.TED. I Grew Up in the Westboro Baptist Church. This is why I left. February 2017. Video.Thomas, W Laverne. Sociology- The Study of Human Relationships. Austin Holt,Rinehart, Winston, 2003 . 39, 4-5, 35, 36. Textbook.Westboro Baptist Church. God Hates Fags. n.d. Website. 10 March 2017.

The Great Wall of China Essay examples -- History Historical China Chi

The with child(p) seawall of chinawareTo the northwesterly and north of Beijing, a huge, serrated wall zigzags its way to the east and west along the undulating mountains. This is the large(p) Wall, which is said to be visible from the moon. This massive wall has not only been one of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World, but it has also been inspiration for many artists, and writers. The edifice of the Great Wall is one of the biggest tragedies, but through this tragedy arose triumph with the wall, being so much to so many people. The Great Wall of china is much more than a wall, and was built for many reasons that are hidden to most.Construction of the Great Wall started in the 7th century B.C. The wall states that low the Zhou Dynasty in the northern parts of the country each built their own walls for defense purposes. After the state of Qin unified China in 221 B.C., it conjugated the walls to hold off the invaders from the Xiongnu tribes in the north and extended them to more than 10,000 li or 5,000 kilometers. This is the origin of the name of the 10,000-li Great Wall. (Karls, Robert 10,000-li Great Wall)To understand everything closely the Great Wall it is necessary to know the many components of the wall, and their purposes. The Great Wall was renovated from time to time after the Qin Dynasty. A major renovation started with the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, and took 200 years to complete. The wall we see today is almost exactly the result of this effort. With a total length of over 6,000 kilometers, it extends to the jiayu Pass in Gansu obligation in the west and to the mouth of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province in the east. What lies north of Beijing is but a small section of it. (Karls) The Badaling section of the Great Wall snaking along the mountains northwest of Beijing was built at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century. Being 7.8 meters high and 5.8 meters wide at the top on the average, it has contend forts at important points, including the corners. (Karls)Located 10 kilometers south of the Badaling section of the Great Wall and built in an 18.5-kilometre-long valley, the pass has always been an important gateway northwest of Beijing. The name is believed to have its origin in the workers and slaves conscripted to build the Great Wall in ancient times. Cloud Terrace, built in 1345, was originally the base of a pagoda over... ...arwick Press, 19864. Kalman, Bobbie. China the Land. New York Crabtree Publishing Company, 1989 5. Kan, Lao Po. The Ancient Chinese. London Macdonald Educational Holywell House, 19816. Nancarrow, Peter. Early China and the Wall. Minneapolis Lerner Publications Company, 19807. Overbeck, Cynthia. Thompson, Brenda. The Great Wall Of China. Minneapolis Lerner Publications Company, 19778. Toy, Sydney. A History of Fortification. London William Heinemann, 19559. Karls, Robert. 10,000-li Great Wall. New York, Crabtree Publishing Company, 195810. Forbes, Geraldine. A sian Studies. New York, Mifflin Company, 199311. China, A Country Study. United States Government, Federal Research Division, 1988 11-15. 12. Twitchett, Denis and Loewe, Michael. The Cambridge History of China Volume 1. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, England, 1986 61- 63. 13. Twitchett, Denis. The Cambridge History of China Volume 3. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, England, 1979 56-59. 14. Ledoux, Trish. Ancient Civilizations Sanfrancisco, Mixx publishers, 198415. Muyaka, Ho Chin, Huang River New York, Penguin Publishers, 1994

What Is Pain? Essay -- essays research papers

discommode is something that everyone feels at one point in their lives. A persons pain in the neck threshold is completely different from the next person. No two people assure pain the same way. "Unlike other sensations, pain can arise from intense stimulation in sensory pathways." ( Zimbardo PG 185) Pain is always subjective. People learn the application of this word through their own personal experiences. Pain can be helped. It can be eased and sometimes vanished completely. Most pain goes untreated or improperly treated. People do not have to suffer needlessly with their pain. With the medical know how and skills available straight off pain can be managed and cured."The anterior cingulated cortex in the brain has been found to be the place where pain signals from different pathways converge."(Zimbardo PG 185) A persons response to pain involves " an interplay of biochemistry, nerve impulses and culturural factors.( Zimbardo PG 185) A persons personality i nfluences their response to pain. There are two main forms of pain. The first is acute pain. It is described as "sharp or fast thrust of pain"(Webster Dic. PG267) One common form of acute pain would be headaches. Headaches usually come on suddenly with no warning. Although headaches can be eased and are not permanent they can affect a person in so many ways. "Pain is affected by experience and circumstance. A person who is unhappy may find a headache unbearable, while another person in a more sa...