Spring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spring - Assignment Example The subjects that spring up in the psyche, while tuning in to this piece, can be connected together to frame a nonexistent adventure. The music restores the psyche with showy hues and an energetic climate. It populates our creative mind with things that are related with the positive recollections of lives. The orchestra begins with a lovely piece of violins which radiates a ton of young vitality. It summons a picture of a youngster in the glades. The shady climate and cool wind is dazzling the consideration of this individual. The individual has nothing at the forefront of his thoughts separated from the feel encompassing him. His past and future are past him at that point. The present is just what concerns him. He has no clue about where he originated from and where he will go. Two minutes into the orchestra, a weird aggravation appears to move toward that individual. Maybe a few people are tailing him for something that he isn't even mindful of. He astutely escapes from the difficulty and attempts to make sense of why he was being pursued. He at that point appreciates a delicate supper out in the open. This entire idea underscores the short lived nature of dull breaks in our lives. Whatever the tale of this character might be, he just can't relinquish the magnificence that encompasses him. The music doesn't educate much concerning the individual yet it gives a trace of imperial touch to the character of the individual. It seems as though he left the regal life and every one of its wealth to carry on with the life of a typical man and simply have the option to feel the blood spouting trough his veins. The music advises us that life originates from nature and that there is nothing more excellent than nature. Issues will travel every which way yet one can't n eglect to watch and welcome the magnificence and virtue of nature in such a case that he overlooks than maybe nature will neglect to do the equivalent as well. The music represents that such happiness can come in the wake of submitting a respectable demonstration regardless of whether it pushes us into difficulty so our hero could have submitted such a demonstration. That would clarify the

Model for Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Model for Morality - Essay Example In the Kantian way to deal with morals and profound quality, a definitive identifier of a ‘good action’ is one that is performed out of ‘duty’ with no other ulterior thought process. This turns into a methods for a methods for fulfilling or rebuffing the person for playing out the activity. For this situation, obligation is the ulterior intention since it concurs the individual the chance to embrace his own ethical quality. Despite the fact that Kant was not the main individual to help such a way to deal with profound quality and morals, he was among the first to make such a move. He likewise passed it along as an ethical code of morals contending it could be applied generally. This comprehensiveness of Kantian profound quality fills in as the signs of characterizing the types of moral and good methodologies that have been far been contemplated. This all inclusiveness is resulting from an understanding that the primary controlling statute that characterizes goodness is obligation. This is the obligation of keeping up law in the public eye and maintaining excellencies, for example, trustworthiness, regard and acquiescence. Kant depicts it as not really resulting from an engraving of Godliness upon the hearts of humanity yet out of the comprehensiveness of reason. This assists with creating good and moral ways to deal with the numerous circumstances that welcome the person inside his/her day by day life (Robert et al, 2011, p. 119). Also, Kantian profound quality and morals adopt the strategy that God is displayed through explanation and levelheadedness consequently presents inside the human obligations. It, in this manner, at last leads a person to play out an ethical represent the purpose of obligation itself. As a way to promote this ethical methodology, Kant contends that the ‘good of humanity’ in itself is adequate enough a reason for empowering the utilization of obligation upon some random circumstance. Great mankind for this situation implies wonderful qualities and excellencies that characterize the profound quality of people. Eventually, this strike at the inspiration for activity, which itself Kant can follow back to a kind of humanism that looks to improve and change the lives of others. It likewise supports the benefit of humankind as a rule as a methods for uncovering a superior and respectable world loaded with obligation. Correspondingly, a definitive articulation of goodness through the oblivious and cognizant demonstrations of obligation impacts the person who tries for such a methodology. On the other hand, the investigation of the hypothesis exhibits a few degrees of shortcomings that bring up issues in the reader’s mind with respect to how viable such a methodology would at last be in the general practice (Robert et al, 2011, p. 123). This is compelling in wording directing the person toward changing his shortcomings and focusing on his qualities for all inclusive restoratio n. Despite the fact that it is commendable to try to separate from personal circumstance from moral activities for lack of bias and honesty, it

Essay Samples For Scholarship: Important Facts to Know

Essay Samples For Scholarship: Important Facts to KnowDo you know what the best essay samples for scholarship are? The answer is not easy to give, because so many can be given as answers. The problem with so many is that they are not all written by the same people. Some sample essays have plagiarized writing or too much personal information.In fact, the best place to find sample essays would be online. There are so many websites that offer essays for scholarship. To find them, you need to do a little bit of searching. Use the search engines to find the website that offers the sample essays for scholarship. Click on the one that has the same subject as your potential essay topic.Some of the websites will not be good to look at because their writers have their own ideas in mind. Other websites are just trying to get a large amount of traffic by placing too many ads on their website. You want to read a website and see if it is professional and clean. If it looks a little out of place, m ove on to the next website.Most of the websites will be very informative, but some may have grammar and spelling errors. Look at the grammar and spelling as much as you can to determine if the site is worth reading. In addition, look at the explanations for the essay samples for scholarship. If there are too many explanations then there might be some flaws in the essay. If the explanation is too lengthy then it may not make sense.Another thing to check for is the essay samples for scholarship that is the only site you are able to read. If there are only a few, then the person who wrote the essay probably didn't care about getting the word out to many. So, they will write something that does not say anything interesting or helpful. If they wanted to promote their website or another, they would have a website that does this. The focus of this essay sample for scholarship would be on that.It is important to look at the examples of how the essays are created, since most writers have not earned a high school diploma yet. They will not have an idea of how to properly format their essay or offer any advice for the essays. This is a mistake that can be easily corrected when you are reading these samples.Every students' essays should be professionally written. That's why it is a great idea to take a class, if possible, when you are young to learn proper grammar and writing skills. A high school teacher might be able to help you learn how to correctly format your essay.To summarize, the essays should be researched to make sure that they are the correct forms of communicating. Those are the essays that are the best. Check out the sites, read the sample essays for scholarship, and find out which ones are good.

Rhetorical Analysis Of George Thoreau s Letter From...

Thoreau and King use many similar strategies in their writings. One uses these strategies to make their piece more effective. King s persuasive letter to the clergyman, Letter from Birmingham Jail was far more effective than Thoreau’s Lecture On the Duty of Civil Disobedience directed towards americans ready to change things, and here is why. King’s article was more effective because he strives towards tugging on the audience s heartstrings rather than the logical side, his repetition proved to be more effective, he has a unique organizational structure, King stays more on topic, and was more passionate about his disquisition. King uses pathos in his piece, for starters, while Thoreau uses more of a logical approach. Right off the bat, in Letter from Birmingham Jail, King writes a lengthy sentence describing the unfortunate events him and his colored peers go through on a daily basis. King uses pathos in this sentence gaining more emphasis as the sentence goes on making the audience (who, keep in mind, are clergyman) feel sympathy towards King and the black community. King uses examples of how the colored are treated stating, for example, â€Å"But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim;[...]† (264;Par.14) progressing slowly showing more and more emphasis on his emotional side of things until he finally says â€Å"[W]hen you are forever fighting a degenerating sense of â€Å"nobodiness† -- then you will

The Revolution Of The United States - 891 Words

In the mere beginnings of his presidency in 1801, Thomas Jefferson knew he was to live up to the expectations of the American public. A developing fear of President Jefferson’s were the rumors circulating concerning Spain’s control of the strategic ports of New Orleans. Fervently, the idea of Spain giving the ports back to the original owner of the French was becoming more of a possibility. Realization struck Thomas Jefferson that French military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte persisted contemplating the plan to control the ports once again, and he wrote, â€Å"The cession of the Spanish Province of Louisiana to France, which took place in the course of the late war, will, if carried into effect, make a change in the aspect of our foreign relations which will doubtless have just weight in any deliberations of the Legislature connected with that subject†. By recording this former President Jefferson briefly envisioned altering his traditional foreign policy stance to an anti-French alliance with the British, â€Å"France placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance. Spain might have retained it quietly for years.†¦ From the moment we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation†. The idea crossed Jefferson’s mind that a change in ownership may result in France withholding access of the ports from settlers of the Mississippi these key ports were crucial for American commerce, and so he wrote of this importance, â€Å"There is on the globe one single spot, theShow MoreRelatedThe Revolution Of The United States865 Words   |  4 Pagesto the United States. The progressives brought change through industries, social movements and the economy. The progressives, (as their name suggests) brought progress to America that forever changed the United States for the better. Without the progressives Americas change to more government involvement for the time being would never have happened thus showing the American people what is truly â€Å"American†. As the industrial age was booming and factories were abundant among the United StatesRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States1297 Words   |  6 Pagesstated in the Constitution as well as stated by the philosopher John Locke, is the basis for the United States of America as we know it today. The notion that all humans were created equal and that all people are entitled to basic human rights came from the various experiences the colonists faced through the Revolution, which was a vital influence in the creation of the Constitution. The revolution was a key turning point in American history, it was when the American colonies rejected the idealsRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States1150 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Jimmy Carter allowed the Shah to enter the United States for cancer treatments. Immediately, the revolutionaries demanded that the Shah be returned to Iran so he could stand trial for the human rights violations that he was accused of. When the Carter A dministration would not return the Shah, the revolutionaries were outraged and retaliated against the United States. On November 4, 1979, students who supported Ayatollah Khomeini and the revolution, known as the Muslim Student Followers of Imam’sRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pageswith its systems going up and down. In the same manner, every generation has had their technology revolution. Technology has had overpowering effects on the different lifestyles that people live, throughout human history. The most dramatic changes in America during growth was not just due to the invention of one thing . Most, people emphasize that the train was a major factor in the market revolution; although, the trains played a huge part in spreading the market from coast-to-coast; there canRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States2051 Words   |  9 PagesJacksonian Revolution In the early 1800s, it was generally known that in order to vote, a person was required to have a â€Å"stake† in society, they either had to pay taxes or own so many acres of land. Voting rights varied throughout the colonies, for example, some colonies added restrictions due to the religious beliefs of the voters. Furthermore, under the United States Constitution the presidential electors were chosen by the state legislatures not by the people, as well, eligibility to vote forRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pagespeople hoped for change. They put their trust in Andrew Jackson, hoping that Jackson would defend the rights of the common people and slave states. When Jackson was popular, some states changed their qualifications for voters to grant more white male suffrage. This usually excluded free blacks from voting, even though they were allowed under the original state constitutions. Political parties began holding nominating conventions, where the party members choose the party’s candidates instead of theRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States879 Words   |  4 Pagesto Dr. Strangelove in that way because of what was taking place at the time of the release. Life in the United States was chaotic and unpredictable. In the same year, 1964, that the movie was released several other major events took place. America had the war in Vietnam, civil rights movement, Cuban Missile Crisis, and China’s test of a nuclear bomb. Citizens of the United States lived in a state of fear that their capitalist system would be overthrown by a communist party. The country was filled withRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States1020 Words   |  5 Pageslost power, fuel, money and other essential in order to run a country. When a country is lacking resources, tension would more than likely increase. However, after the collapse, they became a special development within the Cuba for tourism. The revolution was designed against the ideas of tourism. Yet, tourism would create jobs and enable dollars to come into the country. However, it with the new interest within tourism and capitalism, that further open up ideas of race. It would reproduce certainRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States939 Words   |  4 PagesThe whole story began in 1985, in the not too distant era, throughout the United States large-scale riots broke out, and a group of pregnant superhero abilities will assist the government suppressed the rebellion, these superheroes usually all have their ordinary identity, not their true selves, and they all have their own code. Headed is called Rorschach Walter Kovacs (Jackie Earle Haley ornaments), ther e s Dr. Manhattan Joe Osterman (Billy Crudup ornaments), ghost Sally Jupiter (Carla GuginoRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States1064 Words   |  5 Pageswere not happy when Spanish mess with their right and religion. They did not like when only the elite had a say in Mexico, so they revolted. What they haven t satisfied with the government was being run, so they protest in the street after the revolution. There this underlying cause of the people uprising against the government when mistrust when individuals in power abuse their power over the people. It has been a power struggle of over what people of Mexico wanted and what Nation wanted. Thought

The Tool Fear, Some People Are Ignorant Against Their...

Lily Kelly-Jervis Mrs. DiBella Language A MYP 5 3 November 2015 The Tool: Fear Some people are ignorant against their will, others know better. In the dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, society has lost all sense of uniqueness and independence. Most people in the world of Fahrenheit 451 have conformed to their society because of the fear that taunts them. Those who are in charge, enforce the rules through perpetuating ideals using technology, the burning of books, and creating fear. A common theme throughout Fahrenheit 451 is that the people use technology as a way to occupy themselves. They are always busying themselves with meaningless things to do. The sole purpose of technology in this time is to occupy their brains, so that they have no time to think about anything other than what they’re doing in that moment, which prevents them from realizing what is happening in their society and prevents them from caring about what’s happening. In the book Mildred, the wife of the main character, is constantly watching what is called parlor walls. Parlor walls are the equivalent to TV in today s society. They recently installed another one, and not two months later she talks about installing another. Mildred uses the parlor walls as a way to escape from her reality. She chooses, and at the same time is forced, to be oblivious to the fact that she is never present in hers and her husband s life, â€Å"‘Will you turn the parlour off?’ he asked. ‘That s my family’† (BradburyShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between The And Of A Single Group1613 Words   |  7 PagesHuman views of difference as solely a separating factor in our humanity simplifies our understanding of each other as complex beings with complex identities. Focusing on human differences rather than similarities has lead to the simplification of a human identity to a single, superficial trait, dividing humanity rather than unifying it. Claudia Rankine identifies and exemplifies this problem in Citizen, emphasizing the small incidents that show the harmful effects of this simplification. James BaldwinRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass By Fredrick Douglass859 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is freedom? To some people, freedom meant one allowed to enjoy one’s basic human rights that not be controlled by another person or institution and own some form of property. In the striving the restriction of African-American human rights , freedom also meant being treated as a human being equally. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Fredrick Douglass, Douglass described his life experience of suffering as a slave reflected the crucial conditions of slaves in the South slaveryRead MoreTotalitarian Government in Animal Farm Essay928 Words   |  4 Pageseffective a government is at ruling and guiding its people. 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As this story shows, propaganda can enable governments to bend people to any purpose. By spreading positive messages about Napoleon, persuading the animals that Snowball is an enemy, and convincing the animals that they can’t survive

Good Health Influence Feelings As Well As Daily Life-Free Samples

Question: Being Healthy Is Important Good Health Influences Feelings As How To Well As Daily Life? Answer: Introduction Being healthy is important. Good health influences feelings as well as daily life. Health means not just the physical healthiness of a person. It includes the societal, psychological and ethnic safety of particular communities in which every individual is competent to attain their whole potential as human beings (Pacquiao, 2016). In this manner, it brings about the complete well-being of a community. This whole life insight embraces the cyclic notion of "life-death-life". Indigenous communities of Australia have inferior health status and expire at younger ages than the non- Indigenous Australians (Schtze, et al., 2017). Thus, analyzing the social determinantsof health is highly significant. Education Education zone is the specific ground that not just mirrors and summarizes the chronological events of abuses, racial discriminations, and exploitation endured by Indigenous people, but also reveals their continuous struggling for equal opportunity and their privileges as human beings. Obstacles to education for Aboriginal children take account of stigmatization of Indigenous ethnicity, prejudiced and discriminatory approaches in schools and colleges, low self-esteem of Indigenous students, an insufficient amount of study materials than the non- Indigenous children and educators. Insufficient educational funds and low quality of edification for Indigenous children are reflected in poorly skilled tutors along with a shortage of books and resources (Day, et al., 2015). Language is also a barrier between Indigenous students and tutors. English being the main medium of teaching imposes a barrier in learning of Aboriginal students because the first language of maximum Aboriginal students is not English. The inappropriate context of teaching materials do not relate to Indigenous lifestyle, thus, become ineffective for Aboriginal students. If teaching materials are completely constructed on white people, Indigenous schoolchildren cannot recognize with their lives.Only 0.7 percent of all teachers in Australia are Aboriginal tutors(Day, et al., 2015). Indigenous educators can bring a broader array of a culturally safe environment into educational institutions and can improve networks with Indigenous communities. The lower rate of education is a cause of poor health outcome among Indigenous communities. Unsatisfactory health literacy is the main problem among older Aboriginal people and is associated with deprived health outcomes. Insufficient health literacy is allied with physical inactivity, inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetable. Inferior education level in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities is accountable for their deprived health literacy rate and capacity to attain the standard health conditions. Individual deficient in health literacy fails to meet regular amount exercise needed for sustaining proper health(Mttus, et al., 2014). Thus, it is evident that people with higher education mostly display superior understanding concerning health. Lower education rate of Indigenous people is a long-standing problem for the Australian government. Sixty percent of Indigenous kids are considerably behind the non- Indigenous kids by the time they initiate their first year. Many programs are being conducted for this purpose. In the year 2016, there were 207,852 children joined schools, identified as ATSI. This number represents an upsurge of 3.6 percent compared to the 2015 values with students of Aboriginal ethnicity presently comprising nearly 5.5 percent of the entire student populace in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017). This rise remains similar in the current years and reflecting the achievements of educational curriculums conducted for better learning of Aboriginal children. Figure 1: Data of Aboriginal students in Australia from 2006 to 2016 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017) Employment and income Interactions between health outcomes and specific societal determinants are evident. The Higher rate of unemployment and low income negatively impact the Aboriginal health status. People with lower family income tend to have an unhealthy lifestyle. In recent years, rates of the high blood pressure level were greater for those existing in economically deprived situations compared with those in the most privileged conditions. Frequencies of diabetes were also high for people living in the utmost economically deprived situations compared with individuals living advantaged conditions. High to extremely high psychosomatic distress level were also related to lower educational attainment, lower income rate and unemployment(Pacquiao, 2016). In past decades, near about half percentage of Indigenous people in Australia with the maximum family earning quintiles reported having very well to excellent health condition, compared to those people with the lowermost income ratio. Aboriginal people in the uppermost earnings status were less likely than people in the lowermost earnings ratio to visit casualties and outpatient services. Nearly half proportion of the Indigenous Australians who had completed their school education reported having good to excellent health status as they were capable of earn. People who were working were more likely to demonstrate very well to outstanding health status than those who were unemployed (Pacquiao, 2016). Figure 2: Association among income and health determinants of Indigenous adults. Many surveys on Aboriginal Australians showed that they were much more likely to family stressors for being unemployed compared with non-Indigenous Australians. These stressors were higher for Aboriginal young adult men.The redundancy rate for Aboriginal individuals was thirteen percent in cities, nineteen percent in regional zones and fifteen percent in remote parts. The unemployment rate for Aboriginal men of cities declined to twelve percent however the rate for Aboriginal women these cities remained fourteen percent. In regional zones, the redundancy rate for Aboriginal men was twenty percent while this rate for Aboriginal women was nineteen percent (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017). The most vital findings of some studies revealed that all the unemployed Indigenous people had considerably poor mental health condition as compared to those in employment. These findings suggest that there is a connection between mental health and work status of a person. It indicated that people attach at least some of their self-esteem to being employed and productive members of the society (Hopkins, et al., 2015). Unemployed Aboriginal people were more likely to be daily smokers(fifty-eight percent compared to forty-one percent) and to useillegal ingredients(thirty percent compared with twenty percent) than those who were employed. Surveys also showed a connection between acquaintance to health risk elements and income (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017). Housing Several surveys have ascertained that (Social determinants of health, 2017). A major ratio of Aboriginal housing, chiefly in isolated country sides has been built poorly. Evidence also showed poor accommodation and overcrowding in remote zones impose adverse impacts on health (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017). This inequality in health status may be a result of the population characteristics in remote parts. There is a strong relationship between socioeconomic condition and wellbeing. Lower socioeconomic conditions give rise to worse their health outcomes (Berkman, et al., 2014). Since a higher percentage of remote residents are Indigenous people, they have deprived health status compared to those urban and regional residents. Their health may be poorer as a consequence of socio-economic deprivation instead of only geographical and environmental factors associated with remoteness. Just thirty-eight percent of Aboriginal people lived inmajor metropolises compared with over seventy percent of non-Indigenous Australians (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017). Indigenous people living in poor housing conditions have worse life expectations, higher frequencies of chronic and preventable diseases, and a greater possibility of hospitalization than non-Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal people generally build their houses inremote and very remotezones. Housing conditions of remote and very remote regions impose higher degrees of hospitalization due to infections, skin diseases, respiratory disorders, injuries, circulatory diseases, and dialysis compared with Aboriginal residents inmajor cities (Melody, et al., 2016). Several factors influence the housing conditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. These factors are education, employment status, earnings, population growth, remoteness, funding, community infrastructures, cultural aspects and property proprietorship. In specific, employment status and income rate affect the affordability of better housing (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2017). Housing conditions can impact health and wellbeing in several direct and indirect pathways. These paths consist of physical, biological, chemical, societal and economical elements. Better housing environments can decrease disease burden and increase contribution in education and employment(Rashbrooke, 2013). A survey in New South Wales displayed that upgraded Aboriginal housing conditions were interconnected with a forty percent decline in hospital separations for infections and declines in chronic illnesses. The impacts of housing on Aboriginal health can differ across climatic regions, geographies, and tenure. The deviation is also prominent amid residents in cities, towns, remote zones and homeland settings with deprived housing conditions being a serious concern in remote communities (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017). Racism and racial discrimination The chronic endurance of racial discrimination leads to risky anxiety conditions which can source inflammation, obesity, and persistent illnesses. As revealed by the Health Surveys of year 2012 to 2013, 16% of Aboriginal people said that they were treated badly in the previous 12 months for the cause that they were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders. Additional research has presented sixteen to ninety-seven percent self-reported complaints of racial discrimination among Aboriginal people (Truong, et al., 2014).Many local surveys on Indigenous individuals revealed that nearly all of the contributors had endured at least a single episode of racial behavior in their lifespan. This social determinant of health can have significant impacts on mental wellbeing of Indigenous people. Some current surveys have found that racial discrimination is usually develop in non- Indigenous people by avoiding Indigenous people on public vehicles and observing verbal abuse of Aboriginal people by seei ng others (Fredrickson, 2015). The health status of the Aboriginal populace in Australia is poorer in contrast to the non- Indigenous Australian populace because of racial discriminations. Direct impacts of racism on Indigenous health is racially motivated self-harm. Stress, anxiety and adverse emotional reactions due to racism contribute to mental ill health, as well as harmfully affecting the cardiovascular, immune and endocrine systems. A vast disparity gap exists across every statistical data of Aboriginal persons. Several research established that there is a projected gap of nearly 17 years of life expectation among non-Indigenous and Indigenous people in Australia. For every age group less than 65 years, the age-specific death rate for Aboriginal inhabitants are twice than the non- Indigenous people in Australia(Kelaher, et al., 2014). Racial discrimination inhibits Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people from enjoying an equal right to be as healthy as non-Indigenous people in Australia. The inequality in the health status of Aboriginal people is associated with racial discrimination which causes separation from the community services and reduced access to health care facilities. Racism can arise at different conceptual levels that are interconnected and often overlap in practice. Exposure to persistent racial events can cause acceptance of beliefs, attitudes, and dogmas by induvial of stigmatised ethnic groups about the inferiority of their own ethnic group (Paradies, et al., 2014). Poor health consequences as a result of racial discriminations are preventable and systematic. During the past decade, there has been some progress in reducing the inequality gap between non-Indigenous and Aboriginal Australians but this progress inadequate for closing this gap. Further advancement is essential in cases of long-term processes such as life expectation. For removing the main sources of prejudice rooted in the health care setting requires structural modifications. Applicabl e guidelines that address different causes of prejudice can decrease racial discriminations in health care settings. (Penner, et al., 2014). Conclusion Identifying the key components affecting the health of the Indigenous populace is crucial to reduce the health inequalities and improving their health status. Social determining factors of health are the societal and economic traits and their distribution amongst the populace that impacts the health outcomes in a community and individual levels. These arefactors existing in living and occupational environments of a person, rather than being individualrisk factors. The social determinants of health have a tendency to group together, for example, people existing below the poverty line or individuals experiencing racial discriminations also endure numerous other antagonistic societal determinants. References Abs.gov.au. (2017). Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au. Aihw.gov.au. (2017). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au. Berkman, L., Kawachi, I. Glymour, M., 2014. Social epidemiology. 2nd ed. the United States of America: Oxford University Press. Day, A., Nakata, V., Nakata, M. Martin, G., 2015. Indigenous students' persistence in higher education in Australia: contextualising models of change from psychology to understand and aid students' practices at a cultural interface. Higher Education Research Development, Volume 34(3), pp. 501-512. Fredrickson, G., 2015. Racism: A short history. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Hopkins, K., Shepherd, C., Taylor, C. Zubrick, S., 2015. Relationships between Psychosocial Resilience and Physical Health Status of Western Australian Urban Aboriginal Youth. PloS one, Volume 10(12). Kelaher, M., Ferdinand, A. Paradies, Y., 2014. Experiencing racism in health care: the mental health impacts for Victorian Aboriginal communities.. The Medical Journal of Australia, Volume 201(1), pp. 44-47. Melody, S. et al., 2016. A cross-sectional survey of environmental health in remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia. International journal of environmental health research, Volume 26(5-6), pp. 525-535. Mttus, R. et al., 2014. Towards understanding the links between health literacy and physical health. Health Psychology, Volume 33(2), p. 164. Pacquiao, D., 2016. Social Determinants of Health. Global Healthcare: Issues and Policies, p. 159. Paradies, Y., Truong, M. Priest, N., 2014. A systematic review of the extent and measurement of healthcare provider racism. Journal of general internal medicine, Volume 29(2), pp. 364-387. Penner, L. A., Blair, I. V., Albrecht, T. L. Dovidio, J. F., 2014. Reducing racial health care disparities: a social psychological analysis. Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences, Volume 1(1), pp. 204-212. Rashbrooke, M. e. 2., 2013. Inequality: A New Zealand Crisis. New Zealand: Bridget Williams Books. Schtze, H., Pulver, L. Harris, M., 2017. What factors contribute to the continued low rates of Indigenous status identification in urban general practice?-A mixed-methods multiple site case study. BMC health services research, Volume 17(1), p. 95. Truong, M., Paradies, Y. Priest, N., 2014. Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. BMC health services research, Volume 14(1), p. 99. World Health Organization. (2017). Social determinants of health. Available at: https://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/

Marketing Plan for a New Fashion Brand for Women free essay sample

The collection will contain casual, cocktail and evening dresses, coats, shirts, jackets, skirts etc. The business intense to market its line as an alternative to existing clothing lines and differentiate itself by marketing strategies, exclusiveness and high brand awareness. All the collections will be manufactured in E. U. using â€Å"made in Europe† components. The Market Market Description The  R. O. I. and UK  fashion industry is large, mature, and highly fragmented. Clothes sold in  Ireland and  United Kingdom are produced both domestically and in foreign locations. The  UK market can be divided into two tiers: national brands and other. National brands are produced by approximately  15 sizable companies and currently account for some 30% of all  wholesale sales. The second tier, accounting for 70% of all apparel distributed, comprises small brands and store (or private-label) goods. Apparel is sold at a variety of retail outlets. Based on data from NPD Group, discount stores, off-price retailers, and factory outlets accounted for 30% of  2009 apparel sales, while specialty stores and department stores accounted for 22% and 18%, respectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for a New Fashion Brand for Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another 17% were sold at major chains, and direct mail/catalogues accounted for 6%. The remaining 7% of apparel sales occurred through other means of distribution Market Segmentation The company plans to target females between the ages of  30 and  up with a combined household income of more than â‚ ¬60,000. Within this group, there are no  ethnical barriers, and customers have diverse backgrounds. The brand  customer is a versatile woman who can fit into any environment and is willing to pay a middle market price for quality clothing. Customer currently shop in quality department stores and boutiques for mid to high value items that are used on special and semi-special occasions in a work and personal context. Customer is socially active, eating out, travelling and entertaining at home in addition to attending business related functions. The companys target group is seen as having enough disposable income to spend on middle market priced quality clothing. Competition  in our  market segments is usually driven by who is offering the best quality, most interesting  design for less. The key to success is the quality of the clothes: how and where it was made and with what materials. The buying factors include what is in for each season, and the relation of comfort to style each woman is aiming for. A few of the main competitors are: L. K. Bennett Karen Millen Hobbs Reiss Marketing strategy and Implementation The  brand will leverage its expertise, product offer and marketing strategy to increase its customer base while driving sales and profit. The following sections review the various strategies that will support this effort. SWOT Analysis The following SWOT analysis captures the key strengths and weaknesses within the company, and describes the opportunities and threats facing the brand. Strengths †¢ Strong relationships with suppliers that offer credit arrangements, flexibility, and response to special product requirements †¢ Distinctive signature style and USP †¢ Excellent and stable staff, offering personalized customer service †¢ Strong merchandising and product presentation. †¢ Contact with very good PR and Marketing company †¢ Beautiful and clear website †¢ All the brand collections are manufactured in E. U. using â€Å"made in Europe† components. Weaknesses †¢ Owner  is still climbing the business experience curve †¢ Cash flow †¢ Challenges of the seasonality of the business †¢ Customer base not yet established Opportunities †¢ Growing market with a significant percentage of our target market still not knowing we exist. †¢ An innovative e-Bespoke application which will allow  women to customize the clothing of their choice †¢ Strategic alliances  offering sources  for referrals and joint marketing activities to extend our reach. †¢ Growing sell in Luxurious goods sector †¢ Changes in design trends can initiate  wardrobe updating and  generate  sales †¢ Internet potential for selling products to other markets around the world. †¢ Potential to take on a selling agent and PR company †¢ Potential to diversify into subsidiary products such as bags, shoes, homeware etc. Strategic alliances or opportunity to partner with others with complementary skills Threats †¢ Continued price pressure due to competition or the weakening market reducing contribution margins †¢ New competitor enters market †¢ Changes in import and export laws tha t affect pricing or supply sources †¢ Changes to exchange rates or interest rates. Marketing Strategy The companys promotional plan is diverse and includes a range of marketing communications: †¢ Press releases and pictures are issued to fashion magazines and to the fashion bloggers around the world. †¢ Website and online shop and company blog †¢ Online e-Bespoke application †¢ Company representatives will attend and participate in several trade shows London-Pure, Paris -Who’s next, Berlin-Bread and Butter) †¢ Print advertising like brochures, business cards, catalogues. †¢ Advertisements in magazines and on Fashion and lifestyle websites and blogs. †¢ The company also plans to use various other channels including Google Ads, and social media like Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest. †¢ Dressing local celebrities †¢ Organizing charitable donations †¢ Host a private trunk shows †¢ Hiring PR company and sales agent Sales Strategy The business intense to market its line as an alternative to existing clothing lines and differentiate itself by marketing strategies, exclusiveness and high brand awareness. There will be three distribution channels of the brand: Online store with ready-to-wear collection focus on export and local market, wholesale to the boutique owners around the world and thru an online e-Bespoke innovative application which will allow  women to customize the clothing of their choice (export and local focus). The vast majority of our sales  (app. 70%)  will be generated by our online shop and an innovative e-Bespoke application which allows customers to customize the item of their choice with the few clicks of the mouse. The third channel of distribution will be placing the collections in the high-end boutiques and department stores. The company sales goal is to generate repeat business and strong word-of-mouth advertising based on great buying experience.

The Mysteries Of The Sonnets Vargo 1 Essays - Literature

The Mysteries Of The Sonnets Vargo 1 Essays - Literature The Mysteries of the Sonnets Vargo 1 William Shakespeare?s sonnets may have been the best poetry ever written. The sonnets are beautifully written with many different feelings expressed in them. Although they may have been the most autobiographically written poems of all time, they still present a number of questions. Many Elizabethan historians and Shakespeare enthusiasts often wonder who Shakespeare was writing about when he wrote the sonnets. There are three main questions which come to mind when one is reading the sonnets. The mysterious dark lady, Mr. W. H., and the young man that Shakespeare wrote of are three of the sonnet mysteries. Although William Shakespeare did not write the sonnets to be a puzzle for the reader to solve, the dark lady of the sonnets is perhaps the most puzzling of the mysteries. There is a whole sequence of sonnets that mention the dark mistress. Sonnets 127-154 are the sonnets that deal with the dark lady. From these sonnets, a good description of the dark lady is given. The first of the dark lady sonnets, Sonnet 127, gives a good physical description of the mistress. ?...Therefore my mistress? eyes are raven black, / Her eyes so suited, and they mourners seem/ At such who, not born fair, no beauty lack,/ Slandering creation with a false esteem./ Yet so they mourn becoming of their woe,/ That every tongue says beauty should look so? (Booth ed. 110). Lines 9-14 of this sonnet tell the reader that the mistress has dark features and there is a hint that perhaps she wore makeup. Also, in Sonnet 130, another good physical description of the dark lady is given. ?My mistress? eyes are nothing like the sun;? Coral is far more red then her lips? red;/ If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head./ I have seen roses damask?s red and white,/ But no such roses see I in her cheeks;...?(Hubler 104) Although Shakespeare gives a harsh description of the dark lady?s features, he does mention that he cares for her. ?He does not say that he loves her in spite of her faults; he loves her faults and all.? (Hubler 104) In other sonnets, such as Sonnet 127, William Shakespeare admits that he finds the dark lady?s features beautiful. The variety of Shakespeare?s descriptions of the dark lady make it seem as if there may not be a dark lady at all. She may be a literary creation. Vargo 2 The identity of the dark lady cannot be based on physical description alone. A good behavioral description of the dark lady can be found in many places in the sonnets. ?And whether that my angel be turned fiend,/ Suspect I may, yet not directly tell;/ But being both from me, both to each friend,/ I guess one angel in another?s hell...? (Hubler 107). This section of Sonnet 144 tells the reader that the dark lady had a way of torturing Shakespeare. He has figures out that the mistress is unfaithful and he does not know what exactly she is doing. According to Edward Hubler, Shakespeare?s sketch of the dark lady is a piece with the view of sex without romance revealed throughout his works (107). It seems that Shakespeare did not find the dark lady to be a very appealing person, but he did, however, find her to be very sexually appealing. William Shakespeare was not in love with the dark mistress. It seems that his feelings for her are clearly only lustful ones. William Shakespeare was in contact with many women throughout his life. Therefore, there are many theories as to who the mysterious mistress is. The most popular name concerning the dark lady?s identity is Mary Fitton. Mary Fitton was a maid of honor to Queen Elizabeth and was a mistress to William Herbet. ?She was a lively lady who became the mother of three illegitimate children by different men, but afterward married richly and died very respectable.? (Harrison 44). The only problem with Fitton being the dark lady is that she did not possess the dark features that Shakespeare so vividly described throughout his poetry. In addition to Fitton,

Why Yield Management Is Important To Hotels Essay

Why Yield Management Is Important To Hotels - Essay Example The paper focuses on the potential value of ‘revenue management, also known as yield management’ to hotels. In the context of the hotel industry, yield management is a term used for describing a high range of techniques through which occupancy is appropriately managed so that the profits of a hotel are increased. Therefore, yield management is quite important to hotels. However, in practice it has been revealed that yield management can also have a series of implications for the organization, its employees, and customers; this issue is discussed below using literature published in this field. Yield management in the hotel industry has a series of advantages. Baker, Huyton & Bradley note that yield management if it is used in the particular industry, it can lead to ‘the increase of a room’s revenue and of its space’. It is explained though that yield management can play the above role only if a staff is appropriately trained for offering customer servi ce of high quality. In other words, low employee efficiency can eliminate the value of yield management, either in the short or the long term. In any case, the value of yield management, as a key concept in the hotel industry, cannot be doubted. Indeed, yield management can highly benefit the hotel industry. The potential for accurate forecasting is considered as one of the most important advantages of yield management systems. However, the above benefit can be available only in hotels that use advanced IT systems that can monitor every organizational activity and provide accurate information in regard to the organization’s strengths and weaknesses.   Yield management can also help hotel managers to make effective plans in regard to the potential expansion of the organization. For example, in order for a hotel to enter a foreign market, it would be necessary for the hotel’s managers to have an accurate view of the hotel’s profitability so that they are able to check whether the risk of potential losses could be undertaken or not.

Image of masculinity through tv program such as two and a half men, Research Paper

Image of masculinity through tv program such as two and a half men, - Research Paper Example a. Charlie Sheen  as  Charlie Harper  (season 1–8)- the archetype of hedonistic bachelor to the mould of Hugh Hefner of Playboy. In the sitcom, Charlie works as jingle/children songwriter and makes more money than his brother Alan who is always in dire straits due to the alimony that he has to pay to his wife Judith. Charlie is the dominant male figure in the sitcom. b. Jon Cryer  as  Alan Harper – Alan’s character articulates soft version of masculinity although it was portrayed as subordinate to the hedonistic type of masculinity with Charlie’s inordinate sarcasm and banter with Alan. c. Angus T. Jones  as Jake Harper – Jake portrays the underachieving son of Alan and Judith. Although Jake is Alan’s son, Jake mirrors the behavior of his uncle Charlie more than his father Alan. The character of Jake provides the subtle approval of Charlie’s hedonistic behavior in the sitcom. Masculinity has always been associated with a powerful social position that is based on class, race, and sexuality, wage structure and other parameters of manhood that spells dominance. This is reinforced through gender order within societies where men are usually ranked as more powerful and more prestigious than others. Although most of this stereotyping is structured through men’s dominance over women or the latter’s dependence on men, it can also be the case of male dominance over other males with other males also dependent to the dominant male. This structure is also present in the animal kingdom with the presence of the Alpha Male. The three characters in the television sitcom Two and a Half Men  makes an interesting case about images of masculinity in contemporary American society. Each of the characters performs their role and acts them out in accordance with how such character relates to the world and how it perceives the world. Often, the expression of

The hydration step Essay Example for Free

The hydration step Essay Oxidation is the major pathway for the catabolism of saturated fatty acids. It involves the successive removal of two-carbon fragments from the carboxyl end of the fatty acyl CoA (Champe, Harvey, Ferrier, 2005). The first three steps of this ? -oxidation spiral are the following (Murray, Granner, Mayes, Rodwell, 2000): Dehydrogenation or oxidation – the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the 2(? )- and 3(? )-carbon atoms, catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, yielding 1 FADH2; Hydration – the addition of water to saturate the double bond, forming 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, catalyzed by ? 2-enoyl-CoA hydrase (also known as enoyl-CoA hydratase); and Dehydrogenation or oxidation – a further dehydrogenation on the 3-carbon, catalyzed by the enzyme L(+)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, producing 1 NADH. The end-products of this pathway, after a few more steps and successive reentry of acyl-CoA into the cycle, are acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH2. The citric acid cycle is the energy-producing pathway â€Å"where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O† (Champe, Harvey, Ferrier, 2005). Although it is technically a cycle, the â€Å"last† three steps are identified as follows (Murray, Granner, Mayes, Rodwell, 2000): Dehydrogenation or oxidation – succinate, in the presence of FAD, is converted by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase into fumarate and FADH2; Hydration – the addition of water to fumarate to produce L-malate, catalyzed by fumarate hydratase (also known as fumarase); and Dehydrogenation or oxidation – the conversion of malate and NAD+ by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase to oxaloacetate, NADH and H+. The chemical conversions involved in the citric acid cycle that eventually produce carbon dioxide and water generate a form of energy that is usable by aerobic organisms (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle). Obviously, the first three steps of the ? -oxidation pathway and the last three steps of the citric acid cycle involve the same reactions. Both occur in the mitochondria of the cell. In both cycles, the first dehydrogenation (also called oxidation, depending on the source) involves a flavoprotein coenzyme with a FAD prosthetic group, and FADH2 is thus yielded. The hydration step in ? -oxidation and the citric acid cycle involve hydratase enzymes. The second dehydrogenation step in both cycles require the NAD+ coenzyme and produce NADH + H+. That having been said, the main difference between these otherwise similar reactions is that they have different substrates and yield different products. The last step in the ? -oxidation pathway is the splitting of ? -ketoacyl-CoA by the enzyme ? -ketothiolase (http://themedicalbiochemistrypage. org/fatty-acid-oxidation. html). This reaction produces an acyl-CoA derivative that contains two carbons less than the original acyl-CoA molecule that that underwent oxidation, as well as acetyl-CoA. The acyl-CoA thus formed reenters the ? -oxidation spiral, while the acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water through the citric acid cycle. The first step of the citric acid cycle is the initial condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, in a reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase (Murray, Granner, Mayes, Rodwell, 2000). A carbon-to-carbon bond is created between the methyl group of acetyl-CoA and the carbonyl carbon of oxaloacetate. Acetyl-CoA transfers its two-carbon acetyl group to oxaloacetate, which initially contains four carbons, and a six-carbon molecule is then formed as citrate (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle). Both reactions involve acetyl-CoA. However, acetyl-CoA is the product in ? -oxidation, whereas it is one of the substrates in the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A is required in the last step of ? -oxidation, whereas it is one of the by-products in the first step of the citric acid cycle. Finally, in ? -oxidation, two carbons are removed per cycle, whereas the citric acid cycle involves the addition of two carbons. References Champe, P. C. , Harvey, R. A. , Ferrier, D. R. (2005). Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Wiliams Wilkins. Citric Acid Cycle. (2008). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 7, 2008, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle Fatty Acid Oxidation. (2008). In The Medical Biochemistry Page. Retrieved October 7, 2008, from: http://themedicalbiochemistrypage. org/fatty-acid-oxidation. html Murray, R. K. , Granner, D. K. , Mayes, P. A. , Rodwell, V. W. (2000). Harper’s Biochemistry (25th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill.

European Animals The Major Part They Took In Forever Altering the Ecology of the Americas :: essays papers

European Animals The Major Part They Took In Forever Altering the Ecology of the Americas Although the Europeans presence in the Americas from 1492 to many years later caused drastic change in the environment, their part in forever altering the entire American ecosystem was minor when compared to the part of the true criminals: the European animals. The introduction of these European animals into the New World had the most destructive effects on the new environment and everlastingly altered the ecology of the Americas. During the time that pre-dated the arrival of the Europeans, the Americas remained basically untouched and prevailed as virgin land. The land was populated with not just American Indians, but also populated by vast numbers of plants and animals. These inhabitants "lived, died, and bred alone for generation after generation, developing unique cultures and working out tolerances," that is up until 1492, when Columbus and the European conquerors invaded the harmonious land and instantaneously initiated the many long years of corruption. The arrival of the Europeans immediately brought drastic changes to the way things were previously done in the Americas; they "immediately set about to transform as much of the new world as possible into the old world." Because they were people who practiced mixed farming with a heavy emphasis on herding and because they saw only very few domesticated animals in the new land, the Europeans began the action of importing Old World domesticated animals, such as the pig, cow, and horse. This action could most definitely be described as "the greatest biological revolution in the Americas since the end of the Pleistocene era." The Europeans had no idea as to what they unleashed upon the New World when they introduced their domesticated animals. Many of these animals flourished in the new environment beyond the wildest hopes of their European masters. The animals and their diseases "moved through the virgin lands of America faster than did the people who had brought them to the New World." By surpassing their masters, the animals became unstoppable, and their destruction was unfortunately boundless. Pigs, for example, existed as one among the many animal groups that played such a significant role in the changes that wrought the ecology of the New World. Out of all of the imported animals, the pigs adapted quickest to the new environment.

We Are Marshall Movie

Have y’all ever wondered how a college football team could change after their team lost friends and family in a plane crash? The movie â€Å"We Are Marshall† claims to be a true story and is about the 1970 ­1971 Marshall University football team suffering a plane crash on the way back from a road game. I think â€Å"We Are Marshall† should be considered nonfiction because a lot of the events that happened in the movie actually happened in real life.The Marshall University football team was in a plane crash on November 14, 1970  (Anderson). Also the board meeting that was held in the movie to decide whether they should continue the football program did not actually happen. The crowd of Marshall University students, faculty, and fans outside of the building where the meeting was held did not exist (Johnston). The chant â€Å"We Are†¦Marshall† actually didn’t begin until after the 1971 season but the producers felt like it was a good fit for t he movie (Gensler). One of the minor changes in the movie was the last play of the Xavier game. The movie showed the last play of the game was a crossing route for the 15 yard touchdown when in reality it was a screen pass (Gensler). The only event that was the same in that game was Marshall won 15 ­13. The coaching staff had some dramatizations in the movie.

CONSTRUCTION OF MANDATORY PROVISIONS - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2330 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Duty Essay Did you like this example? Interpretation of Statutes CONSTRUCTION OF MANDATORY PROVISIONS I. INTRODUCTION There is no universal rule regarding the construction of statutes. It is the duty of the judiciary to try and determine the real intention of the legislature by prudently taking into consideration the entire scope of the statute to be interpreted.[1] The study of various cases on this topic does not provide a universal rule except that the language itself should not be decisive as the context, subject-matter and the statutory provision must also be taken into consideration while determining whether the said statutory provision is directory or mandatory in nature.[2] According to the words of the Supreme Court, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The question as to whether a statute is mandatory or directory depends upon the intent of the legislature and not upon the language in which the intent is clothed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "CONSTRUCTION OF MANDATORY PROVISIONS" essay for you Create order The meaning and intention of the legislature must govern, and these are to be ascertained not only from the phraseology of the provision, but also by considering its nature, its design, and the consequences which would follow from construing it the one way or the other.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] Mandatory rules are vital and go to the root of the matter, they cannot be broken; while others are only directory and a breach of them can be overlooked provided there is substantial compliance. The general rule is that an absolute enactment must be obeyed or fulfilled substantially.[4] II. DEFINITION A mandatory statute or statutory provision is one which must be obeyed so as to make the proceeding to which it relates valid.[5] According to Crawford,[6] a mandatory statute is defined as one whose provisions, if not obeyed to, will result in the proceedings to which it relates to becoming void and illegal. Therefore when statutes prescribe certain conditions for the conduct of any professio n or business, and if similar conditions are not followed, agreements entered into in the course of such profession or business become invalid, if it the aim of imposing such conditions is the preservation of public safety and order.[7] Some examples of mandatory statutes: 1. The provisions concerning limitation for seeking redressal in Tribunals or Courts; 2. The provisions concerning principles of natural justice; 3. The provisions concerning registration of certain documents; If negative words have been used then it shows the clear intention that the provision legislated is mandatory- Section 80 CPC. Section 87 B, CPC. Section 77 of Railways Act, 1890, Section 213 of the Succession Act, 1925, Section 7 of the Stamp Act, 1899. Section 20 (1) of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, Affirmative words is secondary to negative words for interpreting the provision as mandatory. When there is no discretion needs to be applied in enforcing the provision, it is usually treated as mandatory. III. TESTS FOR DETERMINING WHETHER A PROVISION IS DIRECTORY OR MANDATORY No universal rule can be formulated as to when may a statutory provision be considered as mandatory or when merely directory. Each case must be adjudged in the light of the intention of the law makers as revealed by the scope, object and purpose of the statute. In State of U.P. V. Manbodhan Lal Srivstava,[8] it was held by the court that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The State Public Commission shall be consulted on all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving the government of a state in a civil capacityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It was further held that the relevant provision cannot be interpreted as mandatory and that it did not impose any right or obligation on a public servant, so that, the lack of discussion or irregularity in it did not give him any right to raise a cause of action. Whether an enactment is mandatory or directory depends on the scope and the object of the statute. In Jyoti PrasadMitter v. The Chie f Justice,[9] the interpretation of Article 217(3) of the constitution was in question. The provision says: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"If any question arises as to the age of a judge of a High Court, the question shall be decided by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the decision of the President shall be finalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It was held by the Supreme Court that consultation with Chief Justice of the India was a mandatory requirement. One of the important tests that must always be employed in order to determine whether a provision is mandatory of directory in character is to consider whether the non-compliance of a particular provision causes inconvenience or injustice and, if does, then the court would say that provision must be complied with and that it is obligatory in its character. Mandatory provision of a statute cannot be ignored merely on the ground of hardship or as merely procedural. If a provision is clearly of mandatory nature it should not be interpreted as directory. If an object of the enactment is defeated by holding the same directory, it should be construed as mandatory whereas if by holding it mandatory serious general inconvenience will be created to innocent persons of general public without much furthering the object of enactment, the same should be construed as directory. If the legislative intent is expressed clearly and strongly, such as the use of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ instead of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that it will be sufficient to hold the provision to be mandatory, and it will not be necessary to pursue the inquiry further. IV. LEGISLATIVE INTENT Whether a statute is mandatory or directory rests on the intention of the law makers and not upon the language in which the intent is dressed.[10] In order to determine the question as to whether a statutory provision is mandatory or directory, the primary objective is to determine the legislative intent from a study and co nsideration of the entire statute, its object, its nature and the imports that would result from interpreting it one way or the other, or in conjunction with other similar statutes, and the ascertainment does not depend on the form of the statute.[11] In Hari Vishnu Kamath v Ahmed Ishaque,[12] the Supreme Court observed that the numerous rules for ascertaining when a provision might be interpreted as mandatory and when directory are only helpful in determining the real intention of the law makers and that must eventually depend upon the context. When a statute necessitates that something shall be conducted or conducted in a specified method of form without clearly stating what shall be the magnitude of non-compliance, the question often arises what meaning is to be ascribed by implication to the legislature. It has been observed that no universal rule can be created for determining whether the necessity is to be viewed as an instruction or a mere direction containing no partic ular significance for its contempt, or as authoritative with an applied nullification for non-compliance, outside the rule that it depends on the object and scope of the enactment.[13] V. WHEN CONSEQUENCES PROVIDED BY STATUTE When on failure to comply with a prescribed requirement nullification as a consequence is provided by the statute itself, there is no doubt that such statutory requirement must be interpreted as mandatory. For example: The period prescribed in the schedule to the Indian Limitation Act 1963, for bringing a legal proceeding are mandatory because the consequences of the expiry of the period of limitation is provided by S. 4 of the Act in that the court is enjoined to dismiss a legal proceeding instituted after expiry of the prescribed period. Sec. 17 of the Registration Act 1908 and provisions of Transfer of Property Act 1882 prescribe certain requirements as to registration of certain documents. These requirements are mandatory as the consequence of non- registration is provided by s. 49 of the Registration Act in that such documents if not registered do not affect the property comprised therein. In some cases the consequence provided for breach of a mandatory duty may itself require construction in the light of other provisions of the Act.[14] Thus Section 64 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984 prohibiting use of a sample, which should have been destroyed, as evidence or for investigation was construed not to affect admissibility of other evidence in court collected in an investigation which was prohibited provided it did not affect fairness of the trial under section 78 of the same Act.[15] When the statute does not expressly provide for nullification as a consequence of the non-compliance of the statutory injunction but imposes expressly some other penalty, it is a question of construction in each given case whether the legislature intended to lay down an absolute prohibition or merely to make the offending person liable for the penalty. VI. MANDATORY AND PERMISSIVE WORDS When à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ instead of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is used by the legislature then the provision can be interpreted as strongly imperative. In some cases the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ may be replaced for the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, but only for the objective of giving effect to the clear intention of the legislature. Generally, however, the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ must be taken in its natural meaning, that is permissive sense and not in an obligatory sense. Mandatory words may be interpreted as directory in matters of procedure. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Mayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are normally used in contradiction to each other and generally should be accorded their natural meaning particularly when they appear in the same provision. But in phrases like, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"it shall be lawful for the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shall be liable to pay costsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"to interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shall be liable to be forfeitedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the meaning is not mandatory.[16] A. Shall The use of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in a statute, though generally taken in a mandatory sense, does not necessarily mean that in every case it shall have that effect, that is to say, that unless the words of the statute are punctiliously followed, the proceeding or the outcome of the proceeding would be invalid. Where statute imposes a public duty and lays down the manner in which and the time within which the duty shall be performed, injustice or inconvenience resulting from rigid adherence to the statutory prescription may be a relevant factor in holding such prescriptions only directory. Ex: While construing sec. 17(1) of the Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, that it is obligatory on the government to publish an award, but the provision, that it should be published within thirty days, is not mandatory and an award published beyond thirty days is not invalid. B. May While construing the word May court has to consider following aspects; Object and the scheme of the Act, The context and the background against which the words have been used, The purpose and the advantages sought to be achieved by the use of this word. VII. OTHER RELEVANT FACTORS DETERMINING THE NATURE OF A STATUTE Where a statute generates a new privilege, right or immunity and controls the manner of its application, it must be interpreted as mandatory.[17] For example, the rights to hold an election, contest an election, and to be elected as a member of a municipal committee, are all rights created by the Madhya Bharat Municipal Act 1954 and the rules made thereunder. It follows consequently that the provisions of the Act created thereunder concerning the composition of the municipal committee must be firmly obeyed and the right to contest an election and to register for nomination can be applied only in the way and within the time given by the Act and the rules. One of the factors for determining the nature of a provision is to see whether it entails any penal consequences. In cases where the non-compliance of a provision is made penal, the provision can be safely regarded as mandatory.[18] In Banarasi Das v Cane Commr, Uttar Pradesh,[19] the Court said that the provision in Section 18(2) of the Uttar Pradesh Sugar Control Factories Act of 1938 is mandatory in nature as the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has been used and provides for a penalty for intentionally failing to enter into an agreement as provided by S. 27(3) of the Act. Rule 47(1)(c) of the Representation of the People (Conduct of Elections and Election Petitions) Rules 1951 states that a ballot paper will have to be declared as invalid if it is found false or if it so spoiled or disfigured that its identity as a genuine ballot paper cannot be determined. No degree of compliance can be afforded so far as rejection is the issue, and that is decisive to show that the provision is mandatory.[20] In order to ascertain whether a specific provision is obligatory or directory, it is essential to determine whether the error to obey the requirement influences the very groundwork of authority for the proceedings so that it makes i t void and not capable of being validated. VIII. CONCLUSION The law on this subject can be summarised to the consequence that in order to proclaim a provision mandatory, the test to be exercised is whether disobedience of the provision would render entire proceedings null and void. Whether the provision is mandatory or directory, depends upon the intention of law makers not upon the language in which the intent is clad. The issue is to be scrutinised having a look at the object, subject matter and context of the statutory provisions in question. The Court may discover as what would be the significance which would run from interpreting it in one way or the other and as to whether the provision delivers a contingency of the disobedience of the provisions and as to whether the disobedience is corrected by minor penalty or grave consequence would flow therefrom and as to whether a specific construction would overthrow or frustrate the law and if the provision is obligatory, the ac t committed in breach thereof will be considered illegal. BIBLIOGRAPHY Page | 1 [1] Liverpool Borough Bank v Turner (1860)30 LJ Ch 379 [2] GP Singh, 389 [3] Passage from CRWAFORD: Statutory Construction, P.516; approved in State of UP v Baburam, Upadhya, AIR 1957 SC 912, p. 918 : 1958 SCR 533. [4] Woodward v Sarsons (1875)LR 10 CP 733. [5] Kavanaugh v. Flash, 74 Fed. (2435). [6] Crawford, Statutory Construction, 3rd edn, vol III, p 104. [7] Rao Dhanda, p 988 [8] AIR 1957 SC Art. 320(3) [9] AIR 1965 SC [10] Laxmi Narain v UOI AIR 1976 SC 714 [11] Rao Dhanda, p 989 [12] AIR 1955 SC 233 [13] Rao Dhanda, p 991 [14] GP Singh 402 [15] GP Singh 402 [16] Vepa Sarathi 582 [17] Dhanda, 1005 [18] AIR 1955 All 86, p 91. [19] AIR 1963 SC 1417 [20] Dhanda, 1007